Cadbury Dairy Milk 4cs 4ps Swot - 8150 Words

C O N T E N T S 1) SITUATION ANALYSIS i) COMPANY ii) CONTEXT iii) COMPETITOR iv) CUSTOMER 2) BARND 3) 4 Ps i) PRODUCT ii) PRICE iii) PROMOTION iv) PLACE 4) COMMENTS 5) SWOT ANALYSIS Product Category: Chocolate Confectionary Brand: Cadbury Product: Cadbury Dairy Milk (CDM) SITUATION ANALYSIS (4 CS) 1) Company: Parent Company: Cadbury plc Indian Subsidiary: Cadbury India Ltd (CIL) History of Cadbury: Cadbury plc is a confectionery and beverage company with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom, and is the worlds largest confectionery manufacturer. The firm was formerly known as Cadbury Schweppes plc before demerging in May 2008, separating its global confectionery business†¦show more content†¦Therefore, they strongly believe that those people who create these products should also have fun while doing so. At Cadbury India they have mini business teams which are structured teams that work on critical areas relating to manufacturing. CIL’s goal is clear. They want a Cadbury Dairy Milk in every Indian’s pocket. 2) Context: Availability of Cocoa: Chocolate consumption is gaining popularity in the country on increasing prosperity coupled with a shift in food habits, pushing up the country’s cocoa imports. Annually, India produces 10,000 tonnes of this cocoa crop. India’s annual cocoa demand is pegged around 18,000 tonnes during the current year, which would necessitate import of 8,000 tonnes i.e. around 45% of its total requirement. This is 4 times the amount India imported in year 2001-02 (2,027 tonnes). This clearly indicates the rising demand for cocoa as well as the increasing deficit in the availability of cocoa. This is the reason; farmers are being encouraged to cultivate cocoa to meet the deficit. India plans to increase cocoa production by 60% to 16,000 tonnes in next four years to meet rising demand from the 15-billion-rupee chocolate industry and to cut dependency on costlier imports. Majority of Indian farmers cultivate cocoa as an intercrop in coconut and areca nut gardens. The total area under cultivation was 32,360 hectares in 2006/07. There is huge scope for expanding acreageShow MoreRelatedCadbury Schweppes Plc3853 Words   |  16 PagesOutline of Report 4 3.1 Marketing Report for Cadbury Schweppes 3.2 Current Market Analysis 5-7 3.3 BCG Matrix 8-9 3.4 Igor Ansoff Matrix 10-11 3.5 SWOT Analysis 12-13 3.6 Product Life Cycle 14-15 3.7 Porter’s Generic Model 16-17 3.8 Marketing Mix 18-20 4.1 Evaluation and Recommendation 21-23 5.1 Research, references and bibliography 24 Cadbury Schweppes Plc. Cadbury Schweppes is one of the biggest beverage and confectionery

Animal Ancestry The Field Of Anthropology Essay

Ryan Schueneman Intro to Anthropology Rachel McTavish 05 December 2016 Animal Ancestry Within the field of anthropology, there are various subsections that deal with specific branches of knowledge. Zooarchaeology, specifically, is a division of archaeology that deals with the remains of an animal after it has died. Much knowledge can be gleaned about various aspects of the animal itself, as well as the world surrounding it, through the study of zooarchaeology. The following will discuss the history of zooarchaeology, the methods of study utilized within this branch of anthropology, as well as summarize a recent zooarchaeological finding that has impacted anthropology. There is not much history since this field is fairly new. Zooarchaeology is a blend of biology and anthropology, it has been evolving as a study for over a century and a half. In the mid-19th century, anthropologists were beginning to ask questions that had had no precedents, and they had to figure out a way to find the answers and salts. They started to become aware that to fully understand anthropology and cultures of the past, they must embark on gaining biological knowledge. This biological knowledge was no longer limited to human remains, because it was becoming more evident that many answers could be found in observing animal fauna. As Elizabeth J. Reitz notes in her book Zooarchaeology, â€Å"the anthropological or historical orientation of archaeology is an important source of diversity and zooarchaeology.Show MoreRelatedAnthropology and Its Branches1728 Words   |  7 PagesAnthropology is the study of human beings, in particular the study of their physical character, evolutionary history, racial classification, historical and present-day geographic distribution, group relationships, and cultural history. 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Benchmarking and Lean Six Sigma

Question: Discuss about the Benchmarking and Lean Six Sigma. Answer: Introduction: Benchmarking for any organization is an approach to measure the quality of the guidelines, goods and the tactics that a company uses which is further compared with the standard measurement or with the same measurement of its peers (Business Dictionary, 2017). Main objective of benchmarking process is to identify that where exactly improvements are required in the organization and it also helps in evaluating the performance level of other organization and then use this approach to increase the performance of the company (Wood, 2009). It can also be defined as a practice used by business to compare the significant metrics with other similar companies (Rowena, 2011). This approach can be used by all the companies, be it private, public or any industries such as technological, educational and many others. There are many companies that use either positions or offices that take charge of the benchmarking in the organization. These positions are of researchers which include both institution al as well as market researcher. Other positions include the information officer, consultant, and the data and business analysts. Companies basically use this technique to become more competitive as they can easily analyze their performance and can improve their operations by comparing with different company. Some different kinds of benchmarking are peer benchmarking, SWOT analysis, collaborative benchmarking and by the best practices of different organization (Ifeoluwa and Yinchang, 2010). There is another method which helps in increasing the performance of the organization and that is Lean Six Sigma technique (Jesse, 2017). Lean six sigma is basically a combination of Lean and Six sigma which is an improvement method. These both methods together give a better result than used individually (Brady and Allen, 2006). When these two methods are combined it gives a wide-ranging tool to increase the speed of any process in the organization which results into the increase in revenue, reduction in costs and improvement in teamwork (Pepper and Speeding, 2010). Lean basically creates value for the customers by minimizing the waste and six sigma reduces the defects by just successfully resolving the problems in the organization. And together it solves the problems and improves the process (George, Dave and Amy, 2007). Six sigma also reduces the quantity of substandard products that are manufactured and provides the satisfaction to the customer (Thoms and Okafor, 2008). Now days it is very common for an organization to face the rising costs and competition every day, so this method sanctions the organization to figh t these problems and helps in the improvement of business (Qun, 2013) There are many benefits that an organization enjoys by using this method and these are, it increases the profit and decreases the cost by removing waste from the process, improves the efficiency and the effectiveness of the process, develops effective employee by involving them in the enhancement process and develops a sagacity of ownership for the employees (Assarlind, Gremyr, and Bckman, 2012). Both the benchmarking and lean six sigma techniques can be applied to business change process. Benchmarking involves several steps that help in the change of the business process. These steps are custom-made based on the policies of the company, funds and the projects that organization is dealing with (Ronald, 2010). First step involves the understanding of the companys current process performance, as it helps in deciding where benchmarking is required. Second step should be from the leadership team as there should be proper support and approval as this will assist and provide adequate resources and will accelerate the benchmark process. Third step is all about the document benchmarking which sets the objective and scope for the organization which is essential for any project. Forth step involves the documentation of the current process as without the knowledge of current process all the time and resources will be wasted in collecting process documentation, and there will also be difficulty in comparing the collected benchmarking data with the requirements. Fifth step involves the benchmarking measurements that are used for the comparisons so that gap between the current performance and that of the partner organizations can be determined. In this step organization has to agree on the primary metrics. In the sixth step all the metrics should be put in the writing which includes the requirements involved in the measurements, what has to be measured and what not. Next step involves the agreement in which everyone must be involved on what to benchmark. Further a plan has to be developed to collect data and research sources are identified which will initiate the data gathering. Next step includes the designing of screening which has to be surveyed to assist with partner selection and then screening of companies takes place. Information about the companies is gathered and is met with the original objectives that will determine the performance gaps. Last step involves the implementation of plan with the process owner so that successful business process change c an occur (CGMA, 2017). Lean six sigma technique can also be applied for the business change process. This process is an effective methodology that is used to fix the problems and includes 5 phases. In the first phase, problem is defined and the requirements needed to satisfy the customer is also demarcated. Second phase involves the collection of data of the current process and is measured. Third phase is important as it includes the investigation on what causes the problems in the organization. Next phase includes the improvement process in which implementation of plan takes place which will solve the problem. And last phase includes the control on that implementation results which should be sustainable. This process works for all the businesses whether it is small or large and same success can be achieved within both the large and small organization. This process provides benefit to the organization as it improves the customer loyalty. By implementing this method there is a reduction in the risk of havin g dissatisfied customers. It also helps in the time management as employees manage their time effectively which results into a more competent business. This method also plays an integral role in the strategic planning of the business and even helps in the supply chain management (Harris, 2013). There are many organizations that have used benchmarking and lean six sigma methods to improve their processes. One such company is Microsoft. This company realized that there has to be change in the business structure and the processes that a company uses in order to make improvements. One of the senior managers VP understood that Microsofts sales and marketing division could be made more competent by using six sigma methods. The senior manager observed the issues when he was reviewing the annual budget but he wanted to prove it empirically before any change could be made. Hence he asked for the data from the travel office so that he could track the overstated payments and the unapproved charges employees made in a month. After the results were revealed he was surprised to know that the results were in a positive way and the sales staff of Microsoft was honest enough towards the organization and the overstated charges were only few dollars. Now VP was ready to implement the change. His new policy stated that the sales staff could only submit their expenses through credit cards and there would not be any review and the staff would get back their expenses in two days rather than getting in ten days. Consistent performance is corrupted by the variations. Therefore, experts should identify variations by using lean six sigma and reduce it whenever possible. But a company like Microsoft who recruits number of staff every year did not have time for implementing new processes. Improvements in an organization while changing business process can only be achieved by valid measurements and data and this explains that the process of investigation must be backed up by the accurate data and the facts. This changed process should benefit the customers, identify and should be able to understand the value stream and manage the flow of the process. All the non-value waste should be removed and the improvement activity should be passed on in a systematic way. After the six sigma review, VP decided to concentrate on the micro issues that company was facing. He identified that the filing expenses was complex and company was able to reduce the staff that were getting expenses by 25 percent. Hence it was recommended that sales staff were only required to pay expenses by credit cards. Ever decision in the organization has some risks which should be calibrated before making a decision. And there are also chances that when a change is occurred in the company it can end up creating more waste than efficiency which can be reduced with the help of lean six sigma. In this case study of Microsoft it was noticed that VP was taking a risk by implementing this method. VP was leaving the expenses system to abuse by reducing the stages of expenses process which also included the checks and the balances. Here it is also important to note that the new process was also implemented successfully as VP commissioned further more checks and it was also revealed from the internal au dit that there was no rise in the overstated expenses. This is how Microsoft used lean six sigma and managed to bring out the change in the business (Gordon, 2015). There are also many organizations that can use either benchmarking or lean six sigma model to change in their process. One such company is Motorola that has to develop some change in their process. Many customers have issues with this company related to time as Motorola does not deliver products on time and is unresponsive company to do business with. Hence Motorola should benchmark from Dominos pizza or Federal Express so that there is improvement in the delivery process. Motorola should implement the Total Cycle Time as the process which is taking three weeks to complete will only take one week. Hence Motorola should adopt benchmark process. First a company should decide what exactly they want to benchmark and then there should be any change in the organization. Motorola should understand the current performance of their organization and should analyze as where a change is required and then follow the strategies of other companies (Wheelen, Thomas and Krish, 2006). For this there should be a proper planning of what has to be benchmarked and how it should be benchmarked. This planning should be well planned and has to be in favor of the company because many times when an organization tries to implement change in their business it backfires the company itself. So Motorola should plan before implementing any change in their organization (Quality Magazine, 2003). As Motorola is having issues with the time so they should study other organization practices and the systems which they want to benchmark. Dominoes is very virtuous with their delivery so Motorola should benchmark this company and follow the same practices what they uses so that there will be less issues with timings (Word press, 2008). To follow the strategies of dominoes, Motorola should gather the data of their company as well as the benchmark company and then a comparison should be made so that it becomes easier and clear for the company to follow the strategies of other companies. And at the Motorola should use the findings and use them in order to enjoy the benefits of the change process in the business. There are many benefits that Motorola might enjoy if benchmark is practiced as there will be reduction in cost and productivity of this company will also increase. Beside all this there will be also be long term benefits which are improved quality of the organization. This will surely help Motorola company to maintain the quality products of their company and delivery of the products will also be improved. Benchmarking will also help Motorola to identify the gap between the present situation of the company and where it would like to be upcoming years. There are many types of benchmark that Motorola can use and it is up to the top management what they prefer for the company and the benchmarking that management uses will definitely be beneficial for the company it is applied correctly. If Motorola has to be competitive in market then it should follow benchmarking and achieve the world class competitive capabilities. References Assarlind, M. Gremyr, I. and Bckman, K. (2012),"Multi-faceted views on a Lean Six Sigma application". International Journal of Quality Reliability Management. Vol. 29 Iss: 1 pp. Brady, J.E. and Allen, T.T. (2006) Six sigma literature: a review and agenda for future research". Quality and Reliability Engineering International. Vol. 22, pp. 335-67. Business Dictionary, (2017). Benchmaking. [Online] Business Dictionary. Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/benchmarking.html. [Accessed on: 27/01/17]. CGMA. (2017) Benchmarking. [Online] CGMA. Available at: https://www.cgma.org/resources/tools/essential-tools/pages/benchmarking.aspx. [Accessed on: 27/17/01]. George, B. Dave, L. and Amy, B. (2007) "Using a Lean Six Sigma approach to drive innovation". Strategy Leadership. Vol. 35 Iss: 2 pp. 5 10. Gordon, J. (2015) How Lean Six Sigma can improve your business. [online] The Leadership Network. Available at: https://theleadershipnetwork.com/article/lean-manufacturing/lean-six-sigma. [Accessed on: 27/01/17]. Harris, A. (2013) 6 unexpected ways Six Sigma can benefit your company. [Online] PEX. Available at: https://www.processexcellencenetwork.com/lean-six-sigma-business-transformation/articles/6-ways-six-sigma-can-benefit-your-company. [Accessed on: 24/01/17]. Ifeoluwa, A. and Yinshang, T. (2010) The Adoption of Benchmarking Principles for Project Management Performance Improvement. International Journal of Managing Public Sector Information and Communication Technologies (IJMPICT). Vol. 1, No. 2. Jesse, W. B. (2017) Improving Lean Six Sigma Process with Lean Six Sigma. [Online] i Six Sigma. Available at: https://www.isixsigma.com/implementation/deployment-structure/improving-lean-six-sigma-process-lean-six-sigma/. [Accessed on: 27/01/17]. Pepper, M.P.J. and Spedding, T.J. (2010) "The evolution of lean Six Sigma", International Journal of Quality Reliability Management. International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research. Volume 4, Issue 5. Quality Magazine, (2003. Motorola: A Tradition of Quality. [Online] Quality Magazine. Available at: https://www.qualitymag.com/articles/84187-motorola-a-tradition-of-quality. [Accessed on: 27/01/17]. Qun, Z. (2013) Lean Six Sigma: A Literature Review. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol 3, No 10. Ronald, D. Snee, (2010). "Lean Six Sigma - getting better all the time". International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. Vol. 1 Iss: 1 pp. 9 29. Rowena, S. (2011) Benchmarking: A Literature Review. [online] Edith Cowan University. Available at: https://intranet.ecu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/357193/Benchmarking-Literature-Review.pdf. [Accessed on: 27/01/17]. Thoms, A. B.R. and Okafor, C. (2008) "Applying lean six sigma in a small engineering company a model for change". Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. Vol. 20 Iss: 1 pp. 113 129. Wheelen, L. Thomas, DHJ. and Krish, R. (2006) Strategic Management and Business Policy. 9th edition. Pearson Education. Wood, B. (2009) 7 Steps to Better Benchmarking. [Online] Business Finance. Available at: https://businessfinancemag.com/business-performance-management/7-steps-better-benchmarking-0. [Accessed on: 27/01/17]. Word Press, (2008) Total Quality Management. [Online] Word Press. Available at: https://totalqualitymanagement.wordpress.com/2008/09/12/benchmarking/. [Accessed on: 27/01/17].

Business Premises

Question: What should be the business premises? Explain. Answer: Management ownership Names of owners: Mr. Edward JohnDetails of management ownership: Owner Mr. Edward John would be the Chief Executive Officer of the shop Poke-Burger Club. The owner would be the administrative panel for managing all the operations of the shop. The shop is under the sole ownership of Mr. Edward John. Hence, there is no option for any partnership agreement. However, the shop owner can bring in any investor or sponsor for the shop. In that situation, a proper agreement for the investment activity would be required for legalization of the investment.Experience: The business owner has a past experience of running another small restaurant at Greenfield Park of Sydney. The owner had an experience of managing the restaurant for three years. The owner used to work as a manger for two different restaurants in Greenfield and Harbour Bridge. Mr. John had successfully managed and administered the previous two restaurants and saved considerable amount of money. With the saved money the owner had o pened this new Poke-Burger Club by himself. Recruitment options Internet is the best option for advertising about the recruitment for the shop. There are 3 types of recruitment procedure Direct, Indirect and third party. The direct recruitment procedure is by far the most suitable way in which the owner would take the interview of each of the candidate separately. Training programs Since all the staffs recruited are experienced, there would be no need for training. However, if any new strategy or system is introduced in the shop, proper training and acquaintance with the strategy would be provided to the staffs. Skill Retention Strategies Compliance documentation is the best way for the procedural for retaining the skill of the working staffs. Line managers can develop strategies like Employee of the week or Best performer for motivating the employees to perform better. The responsibilities of the staffs are divided appropriately. The front manager is responsible for all the documentation and communicating with the staffs. Streamlining the operations could be used for making sure that all staff skill is appropriate for the business. Market position: The wide difference in the price of products is beneficial for attracting all class of people. The products are budgeted to the expectations of people. The prices are set lower by 5-10 cents from most of the competitors. Hence, it would be beneficial for the business of the shop. Analysing the business on these questions can yield the current market position of the burger shop. Unique selling position: Location of the shop favours the selling of the burgers. Being located near to Sydney Olympic park, the shops would receive inflow of visitors. Such positions are really helpful for new businesses as crowded place are always helpful to increase customers and sales. The USP of the Poke-burger club is the use of Pokmon cartoon character in decoration at the shop for attracting the kids in the shop. The shop name itself contains the term Poke. Anticipated demand: Fast foods like burger always have a huge demand in markets as its quickly feels up the hungry stomach of a customer. As far as the anticipated demand is concerned an individual if he likes fast foods then he will eat 4 days in a week and which may lead to around 100 burgers in 6 months and 200 in an year. If we calculate in average then a single personal buy around 60 to 80 burgers in a time span of 6 months and 120-190 in a year. Pricing strategy: Yes, I have a pricing strategy which is $4 per burger. In todays market the com petition is always high and customers always look for best offer every day. So providing the discounted price will definitely attract most of the customers. Lower price higher sale pricing strategy would be suitable for the business operation of Burger shop.Value to customer: The customers always look for value, price and quality that we provide through our products or services. They always have better expectations towards food and its quality that any burger house provides them. They take it as necessity but some of them take it as luxury and necessity both. Growth potential: As per research it has been found out that the burger products or services will have an anticipated growth of around 91%. It has wide range of tastes and varieties which attract most of the customers and will lead to business growth by introducing some more varieties in the near future. Innovation Research development (RD)/innovation activitiesIn order to start up and run a business it is always important to keep our self updated in terms of the market and products. There are lots of research and development needs to be done in daily weekly or monthly basis to understand the market and the customers demand in the selected products. Send marketing professionals to gather as much information as they can from the market regarding the product and if required helping them with some finance will help in gathering more information. Intellectual property strategy Intellectual property strategy is defined as the key asset class of strategic planning. The Poke-Burger club can use the intellectual portfolio property for the strategy. Branding is an important feature that can be used for forbidding the duplication of the product. Copyright and ownership trademark are some of the tools that can be used for intellectual property strategy of Poke-burger club.1.9b Insurance Bibliography Aaker, D.A. and Biel, A., 2013. Brand equity advertising: advertising's role in building strong brands. Psychology Press.Adrian, T. and Shin, H.S., 2014. Financial intermediary balance sheet management. In A Flow-of-Funds Perspective on the Financial Crisis (pp. 177-202). Palgrave Macmillan UK.Australia, A., 2014. Reconciliation Action Plan 2013-16.Bebbington, J., Unerman, J. and O'Dwyer, B., 2014. Sustainability accounting and accountability. Routledge.Biocca, F., 2013. Television and Political Advertising: Volume I: Psychological Processes. Routledge.Danziger, S., Hadar, L. and Morwitz, V.G., 2014. Retailer pricing strategy and consumer choice under price uncertainty. Journal of Consumer Research,41(3), pp.761-774. Ellickson, P.B., Misra, S. and Nair, H.S., 2012. Repositioning dynamics and pricing strategy. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(6), pp.750-772.finder.com.au. (2014). Best Burgers in Sydney: 2016 Guide | finder.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.finder.com.au/bes t-burgers-sydney [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016].Kapan, T. and Minoiu, C., 2015. Balance sheet strength and bank lending during the global financial crisis. Available at SSRN 2247185.Lam, J., 2014. Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons.Marsden, T., Morgan, K. and Morley, A., 2016. Food Policy as Public Policy: A Review of the Welsh Governments Food Strategy and Action Plan.McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015. Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press.NewsComAu. (2016). Carls Jr burger restaurant to open in Bateau Bay on NSW central coast. [online] Available at: https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/food/restaurants-bars/carls-jr-burger-restaurant-to-open-in-bateau-bay-on-nsw-central-coast/news-story/f52fddb07f465d255591ec6657ab65ae [Accessed 25 Jul. 2016].Peters, K., Haslam, S.A., Ryan, M.K. and Fonseca, M., 2013. Working with subgroup identities to build organizational identification and support for o rganizational strategy: A test of the ASPIRe model. Group Organization Management, p.1059601112472368.Pinnuck, M. and Shekhar, C., 2013. The profit versus loss heuristic and firm financing decisions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 38(6), pp.420-439.PMP, R.J.C., PMSA, P. and Meyer, J., 2015. Aligning Project Success with Organizational Strategy within a Project-Based Organization.Silva, A.T., Derks, R., Roders, A.P. and Hougaard, J., 2014. Cultural heritage management and ownership regime in Island of Mozambique. 7 Fundamentals of an Operationally Excellent Management System, p.171.Skeldon, S.C., Kozhimannil, K.B., Majumdar, S.R. and Law, M.R., 2015. The effect of competing direct-to-consumer advertising campaigns on the use of drugs for benign prostatic hyperplasia: time series analysis. Journal of general internal medicine, 30(4), pp.514-520.Tarasi, C.O., Bolton, R.N., Gustafsson, A. and Walker, B.A., 2013. Relationship characteristics and cash flow variability implication s for satisfaction, loyalty, and customer portfolio management. Journal of Service Research, 16(2), pp.121-137.Yuan, H., 2013. A SWOT analysis of successful construction waste management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 39, pp.1-8.

Sample Essay For Studying Abroad

Sample Essay For Studying AbroadWriting a sample essay for studying abroad in the UK is not the easiest task. Not only that, it can be quite difficult to write. And as such, it is important to find a good strategy for writing the essay.As most of us know, the essay is the beginning of any communication; thus, it needs to be good and grammatically correct. Writing a good essay requires a good understanding of grammar. Otherwise, you may miss the fact that what you wrote sounds silly and incorrect.In order to begin your project on the right foot, start with writing a sample essay for studying abroad. Prepare this as a form of revision, so that you are able to understand what it is you are supposed to write about. It is important to understand that there are many things to consider when planning a new project. Therefore, take time to do some research and find out the appropriate things to write about.As soon as you are done reading the sample essay for studying abroad, analyze your note s. Look for mistakes and grammatical errors that might not appear to be grammatically correct. The aim here is to make a proper edit and proof read, before you proceed to the second step - writing a real writing about your experiences at the college.Research: By doing some research, you will be able to know what exactly it is you need to write about. Once you know exactly what is needed, then start writing. You will find that this will be easier the more you do it.Story: There are several things that need to be considered when writing a story about your study abroad experience. However, for this, it is important to realize that there are no perfect stories. Write an interesting story, with interesting characters.Finally, when you are done with your first draft, rewrite and edit it before you send it out. Always remember that you want to get the best results and also be sure to include all the proper grammar rules.

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Essay Example

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Paper The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on the rate that enzymes work. The purpose was to determine whether increasing the temp made the enzymes more active, and if so, at what temperature does the activity start to decline. The experiment consisted of thirty test tubes, with 5 test tubes at each temperature. The temperatures used were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius. For each temperature there were four test tubes with a sucrose substrate, a buffer, and an enzyme, and one test tube with just sucrose substrate, a buffer, and distilled water. After the liquids were mixed and left for exactly twenty minutes, DNS was added to each test tube and then each tube was boiled for 10 minutes, and finally the test tubes were removed from any heat and distilled water was added. Finally the blank test was placed in the photo spectrometer, and the results were compared the other four test tubes to determine the absorption rate for each temp. Compared with the best fit line for the given data, the average absorption was plotted and then calculated to determine the micro-moles of sucrose at each temp, and from there the rate of micro-moles of sucrose per minute. We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The results were that at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius the average absorbance was .2895, .6880, .9100, 1.515, 1.670, and 1.345 respectively. This shows that from 10 to 50 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity increased, however at some point above 50 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity decreased. This implies that enzymes are more active around 40 and 50 degrees Celsius and less active either below or above those temperatures. The data provides grounds for a conclusion that enzymes are more active around 40 and 50 degrees Celsius, and less active on either end, with the activity declining sharply toward either extreme. Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, specifically Invertase. Invertase is an enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of Sucrose into Fructose and Glucose. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that are used to speed up reactions. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to complete a reaction in four ways: by bringing the substrates close together, orientating the substrates correctly, promoting acid-base reactions, and excluding water from the reactive environment. In order for a chemical reaction to occur, the necessary components of the reaction must first interact with each other. In most cases, this interaction is orientation specific: one collision between 2 molecules will allow the reaction to proceed while another collision of different molecules will not. The active site of an enzyme not only provides a specific environment for substrates to interact, but correctly orients the substrates involved, allowing the reaction to proceed. Acid-base reactions are a major component of many chemical reactions. Enzymes promote acid-base reactions by bringing proton-accepting and proton-donating R groups of amino acids in close proximity to substrates. Another way enzymes lower the activation energy is by shutting out H20. Enzymes bind substrates so tightly in their active site that some or all of the water molecules in solution are shut out. The absence of water molecules greatly lowers the activation energy for reactions that require a non-polar environment or reactions that occur between hydrophobic substrates. While enzymes do lower the activation energy of reactions, the rate at which they do this depends on many factors. Temperature is one of the factors that determines at what rate enzymes will catalyze reactions. All enzymes have a temperature range at which they catalyze the most reactions. Also at either end of the temperature spectrum, enzymes will cease to work. Enzymes are held together by a combination of Hydrogen Bonds, Hydrophobic interactions, and Vander wall interactions. These weak, non-covalent interactions can only hold enzymes together under very specific environmental conditions (temperature, PH, salt concentration). As any or all of these conditions become too harsh, the non-covalent bonds which hold the enzyme together are no longer able to do so. At the coldest temperatures, enzymes will not work because the particles in a specific solution would not move, and therefore the enzymes will not come in contact with any substrates with which to react. At the hottest temperatures the weak non-covalent bonds are not strong enough to hold the high energy components of the enzyme together. This experiment, while important is in no way groundbreaking. The data collected will not surprise anybody, but it will help to reinforce the conclusion that temperature effects enzyme activity in the way that at extremes of temperature enzymes will not work, and somewhere in between the lack of activity will be the ideal temp for each specific enzyme. Also this experiment will help the class learn firsthand how temperature, and all the other factors that effect enzyme activity, actually do. Each section of the experiment had a specific purpose, to aid in the formulation of a conclusion. The goal was to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. To test this, 5 test tubes were heated at temperatures at 10 degree intervals between 10 and 60 degrees Celsius, four with all the solutions present, and one constant with everything except the enzyme. The purpose of the control was to determine the color change (absorption rate) of the sucrose solution compared to a test tube without any enzyme. In case there was a change in color even without the enzyme, the control would determine how much change was due to enzyme activity, and how much was unrelated. After the heating at each specific temp for 20 minutes, DNS was added. The purpose of DNS was to stop the reaction and provide data for how much enzyme activity took place. The DNS reacted with the glucose, and the solution with DNS would change color depending on how much sucrose was separated into glucose and fructose. The more enzyme activity the darker the color, and the darker the color the more light would be absorbed by the test tube while in the spectrophotometer. Without the DNS one would not be able to tell with such accuracy just how active the enzyme Invertase was. The test tubes were placed in boiling water when the DNS was added to speed up the particles and to make sure everything that could react, did. Methods and Materials Initially, fairly large beakers containing tap water were heated to temperatures between 10 and 60 degrees Celsius at 10 degree intervals. When the water in these beakers reached the desired temperature, using whatever method necessary, the water was manipulated to stay at the temperature for as long as necessary, at least 30 minutes. After the desired temp was reached, 5 test tubes for each temperature were prepared, and each test set of test tubes was numbered 1-4, and B. All 5 test tubes were initially filled with .5ML of the sucrose substrate, and .5ML of the buffer. After that four of the test tubes had .5ML Invertase added, while the other had .5ML of distilled water added. Once all the necessary solutions had been added, the set of 5 test tubes, (one control and four with enzyme) for each temperature level were added to the temperature specific bath. The test tubes were placed in the bath in such a way that the test tubes would rest inside the beaker, with the heated or cooled water effecting the temperature inside the beaker. However there would be no contact between the heated water and the solutions inside the test tube. For the next 20 minutes each set of 5 test tubes was kept inside each temperature specific beaker, with the necessary adjustments being made to assure steadiness of temperature. When 20 minutes was up, each set of 5 test tubes was removed, and separated to avoid confusion of data. After the beakers were taken out, 1ML of DNS was added to each test tube in each temperature, then the tubes were covered with aluminum foil, and finally all the test tubes were placed in a beaker with boiling water for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes all the test tubes were removed from the boiling water bath. Next .5ML of distilled water was added to each beaker, then aluminum foil was placed over the top, and finally each test tube was cooled under cold water. After all the test tubes were cooled, each set of 5 was separated and prepared for the spectrophotometer. For each temperature level the following description is the same. The OD was set to 540 nm, and then the temperature blank was used to then set the transmission percentage. Then the four test tubes that contained the enzyme were placed in the Spectrophotometer and their values were compared with the blank test tube. The transmission for each of the four variable tubes was averaged to obtain an average for each temperature value. Finally a graph was made using the given data. The data obtained in the experiment was then compared with the best fit line of the graph of the given data, and the rate of enzyme activity for each temperature was calculated. Using the calculated data, a new graph was made with temperature and rate and the X and Y axis, to show visually the effect of temperature of enzyme activity. Used in this experiment were 6 large beakers, for the heating and cooling of the temperature baths. Also used were a few small beakers to hold the sucrose solution, the buffer, and the Invertase. To hold the 4 variable solutions and the one control for each temp value, 30 regular test tubes were used. To heat the large beakers two electrically powered burners were employed. To write on the test tubes the groups used wax pencils, and finally to accurately measure amounts of each solution syringes were used.

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essays

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essays Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay Christian Cruz 1. Interview at least three people and ask them how you come across to them, (your Presenting Self), then evaluate how you perceive yourself (your Perceived Self) and compare and contrast your Presenting Self to your Perceived Self. The first person I interviewed with thought I came across as being a witty, outgoing, and fun to be around type of person. The second person I interviewed with thought I came across as outgoing, stylish, well-groomed, respectful, and gentleman like. The third person I interviewed with thought I came across as attractive, fun-loving, caring, and ambitious. I would describe myself as being a very well-rounded person. I am very friendly and fun to be around. I would consider myself to be trendy and I am always looking for new ways to better my appearance. I am very witty and always have something smart to say and always have good come backs up. I sometimes can be sarcastic but it is all in good fun. 2. Analyze any speech we have watched in Class. Write a short critique or reaction paper from methods studied. Steve Jobs’ commencement address begins with a great strong opening and grabs the audiences’ attention by making them feel good about themselves. Jobs’ speech was structured with three stories and the audience is able to understand him with his use of simple sentences. Jobs’ also uses great pausing and emphasis to keep the audience’s attention and gives them time to comprehend all that he is sharing with them. Jobs lastly did a wonderful job with his continuous eye contact he has with the audience throughout his speech. 3. Analyze five photographs according to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Attach the photographs and explain each need. The first photograph I chose is one of a white person and black person holding hands. This photo shows lack of prejudice and being able to accept one another even though you are not of the same color. The second photograph I chose is of a three graduating students. This shows self-achievement and the ability to accomplish your goals if you put your mind to it. The third photograph I chose is one of a family. Family is everything. They are the people that are going to be in your life through the tick and thin and will love you no matter what. The fourth picture I chose is one of the food pyramid. It is very important to have well nutrition to stay healthy and active to live a long and prosperous life. The fifth picture I chose is of a couple having sex. Sex is very important. It is being intimate with your partner and showing love toward one another. It is the way new life is formed and if people did not have sex no one would be here today. 4. Write a short advertisement utilizing Monroe’s Motivated Sequence. Are you craving to get that one guy’s attention and have no clue how to get him to start looking? Well there is good news; you may have him drooling over you with this little secret of mine. The long anticipated release of the fragrance Mesmerize for women will be sure to rattle up his senses and have him mesmerized with your scent. Mesmerize is now available at your local fine fragrance store. 5. Watch the film â€Å"When Harry Met Sally†. Discuss how the film, through the characters, goes through the stages of relationships. How do the characters resolve conflicts? In the film â€Å"When Harry Met Sally† the characters in the film go through many different stages of relationships. The story begins with Harry and Sally leaving college to go to New York. Harry thinks that men and women can not be friends because there is always that urge to have sex with one another. Harry then tries to make a pass on her and she is offended and the end their friendship. 5 years down the line both are in a relationship. Both are content. Another 5 years go by and they have coffee together and talk about their past relationships that have ended. They then decide to be friends again. At a New Years Eve party they bring their best friends to set them up for each other. Their best friends hit it off and later become engaged. Sally finds out that her ex is engaged and is extremely distraught so she invites Harry over and they end up having sex. Over the next three weeks their friendship stays intact until they get into a fight at Jesse and Marie’s wedding dinner. Then that new years Harry spends it alone and Sally wishes that they were together. Harry shows up to a party that Sally was attending and then he confesses his love for her. The characters in the movie have their ups and downs but in the end they get together through it all.