Thursday, December 26, 2019

Does Religion Have any Relationship with Math - 657 Words

Most people do not see religion and math as having any relationship whatsoever. People just see religion as an idea or superstition that is studied and practiced at church. Math is an intellectual practice, mainly taught at school and most likely never used after school, unless of course, you seek a profession in that field. No one really looks deeper into the â€Å"uncommon† connection between religion and math. Most people don’t know that almost every number has a biblical purpose. Or that soldiers serving in the U.S. Military use numeric connections on playing cards to connect to a story or verse of the bible. Also, natural occurrences, like the amount of time for a child’s birth, have a coincidental comparison to a bible story or belief. It is definitely a subject that’ll grab your attention. Many numbers have some sort of biblical meaning. For example the number one represents a â€Å"beginning†. Like the â€Å"first† of Genesis which ta lks about â€Å"unity†. Unity also has a connection with the number one. The number two means â€Å"difference† or â€Å"division†. Like the division of good and evil, Heaven and Hell, referring to the afterlife. The most obvious connection in the number three is â€Å"The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit†. Verse two of Genesis talks about the story of Abraham seeing three men. Also, it talks about him addressing them three times. In addition, the number three has a strong connection with the resurrection, because Jesus revived on the third after his crucifixion.Show MoreRelatedEternal Knowledge is From God Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesmore and more that there is no absolute truth but I believe that there must be some absolute truth or reality and for me that ultimate truth is God. I will not try to prove the existence of God to anyone and likewise no one can prove to me that God does not exist. There are truths that will change due to different times and places and what we conclude to be true today may not necessarily be true tomorrow. We live our lives base on the reality of today but we are always searching for a betterRead MoreB.1. Video Number 34, Engaging In Meaningful Play And Role1679 Words   |  7 Pagesway the teacher in the video could have brought more cultural diversity into the classroom would be to dress in different professional job attire different days while teaching about many different jobs in the community. The teacher had dress up clothes for the students, but dressing up herself could show the students different clothing different professions wear. Therefore, she could talk to the children about the different uniforms that some professionals have to wear. B.1.b. The teacher in theRead MoreImaginary Audience And Personal Fable1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthat. For example one could say that John has a crush on Betty, that would be a concrete thinker. However, the abstract thinker would be wondering what emotions John is feeling. Is it love, infatuation, and the abstract thinker would speculate on what does love mean. Abstract propositions means to me the ability to play the what if game. The what if game is where one makes up situations and proposes possible outcomes. To me this is an example of abstract propositions. Abstract proposition are the abilityRead MoreWhy Education Is Important For Life After School868 Words   |  4 PagesWhether the students are gifted or have learning disabilities, they should be treated fairly, giving them the accommodations and education they deserve. Teachers cannot make judgments or assumptions and students will not learn if they are being compared to others. Everyone has different abilities and this does not make someone any better or any less than someone else. Good teachers will treat every student with equal respect, no matter the color of their skin, religion, economic status, gender, or sexualRead MoreEssay On Conferences And Conventions1301 Words   |  6 Pages Conferences and Conventions: Religious conferences have been around for a century. It started with camp meetings and Revivals. Twenty to thirty years ago a major exodus took place from mainline denominational churches, which created independent mega churches. A local assembly is considered to be a mega church if it boasts of having 2000 or more members. Of course, when it comes to the statistics you can almost be certain that the math of the head count will be 15 to 25 percent inaccurate leaningRead MoreMy Religious Beliefs1133 Words   |  4 Pagespossibility when making decisions. Every decision of significance I make has been carefully weighed up, and considered objectively. Reasoned. No impulses, and no emotions. Some of these decisions take seconds, others take months. Some I have yet to solve. Religion has always flummoxed me, I’m a scientist at heart, but I want to believe in a force greater than humanity. I am, currently, an atheist. I believe that The Big Bang was the beginning of our universe, once we die, our bodies will decomposeRead MoreHow Does The Native Peoples Be Taught A New Religion?1675 Words   |  7 PagesFrom what perspective is the document written? How does the source describe native peoples? The perspective in which this document is written is in first person in the view of the Spaniards, and written like it was a letter from multiple people to somebody important. This source shows that the Spaniards thought of the Indians as low class non intelligent pilgrims that needed to be taught a new religion. This is evident when the author says the Indians must be brought to the knowledge of the CatholicRead MoreThe Red Scare By Shianne Campbell1189 Words   |  5 Pagesconflict was many leaders, professors, other teachers, and many other business workers were fired if they were found even with any signs of communism. For that reason, that main cause of the Red Scare was to cause a range of action that had ruin the USA society instead of starting another war (history/red scare.) This nonviolent war, was from the radical relationship that the USA and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) had. With the ending of the World War 2 ,the USA and the USSR( soviets)Read MoreEthan Allen Is Considered By The Founding Fathers Of The State Of Vermont Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the founding fathers of the state of Vermont. He fought and became well known for his efforts during the Revolutionary war as a member of the Green Mountain Boys militia. Not only does he have statues in his honor, but stores have been named after him as well. As strong as he was on his own, he would have been completely different if not for his family. Ethan allen was the fifth generation of the Allen family and one of eight children. Every generation they moved farther into the wildernessRead MoreThe For The Sex Discrimination Act1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthe provision of goods and services, and the disposal of premises have been concerned by the act. There are four different ways of discriminating racially. These are; Indirect Discrimination; this can occur where there is a policy, practice or procedure which applies to all workers, in particular disadvantages people of a certain race .E.g. If GCSE maths was required when applying for ta job, people from other countries may not have GCSE qualifications so they would be discriminated against if equivalent

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Toastmasters International Essay - 1420 Words

Three time bestselling author, Dave Ramsey, has had a lot of practice giving speeches. He has a secret and he is telling anyone that listens. Dave Ramsey has a passion for debt free living and he travels from coast to coast spreading the word. Dave has a huge following and those followers pay a small amount of money to spend the week-end listening to Dave speak about life changing steps you can take to be debt free. At first, the idea of listening to someone speak about money, credit cards, retirement, mortgages, investments and any other financial principles sounds monotonous and rather boring. However, when Dave speaks everyone listens. Dave does not look like a Hollywood star; he is just like any white collar professional. He†¦show more content†¦An otherwise boring topic is full of excitement with the visual aids. You do not have the notoriety of Dave Ramsey and you do not give speeches to thousands of listeners from coast to coast but you do have an important job of giving a presentation to your co-workers and your boss. Can you stand in a small board room and have the large, flashy visual aids? Probably not, but you can have flip charts and technology to help you out. Toastmasters International is a non-profit organization with nearly 250,000 members in 106 countries. Toastmasters meetings are comprised of 20 members who meet weekly to give prepared presentations or impromptu speeches. Each speech and each meeting is critiqued in a positive manner by the other Toastmasters members. Toastmasters teach its members to use visual aids when it is necessary to explain complex information. In a boardroom you will see most often the Power Point presentation or the flip-chart. Power Point is the norm for today’s presentations and can display dramatic visual aids with animation and simu lation. You can prepare the slides in advance and change the visuals with a remote control while walking around the room. It is important to practice your speech with the Power Point and not read each slide to your listeners. As long as you keep your slides simple and not allow them to upstage your speech with too many animations; aShow MoreRelatedEssay On Resume In Aviation Management714 Words   |  3 Pagesthe job in the position of Airport Duty Manager (Operations) at the Spokane International Airport. Dedicated to the advancement of professional skills and career. Committed to the support of the airport values and the highest standards of safety. 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Member: Volunteer Advisory Board, Latin Connection, Asian Connection, Diverse Abilities, Black AA Connection, DFW Green Team Communications Chair, Toastmasters International. †¢ M.B.A., Strategic Leadership, Amberton University SKILLS Vision, Strategy, Execution Strategic Planning Program Development  · Research Analysis Project Management  · Compliance and Brand Standards Management  ·Read MoreOrganizational Style Is Organized And Streamlined Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesResources/Support There are a number of local communication venues which work with individuals to overcome public speaking anxiety. The first and foremost is Toastmasters of Kansas City. Toastmasters meets on a regular basis and provides a â€Å"supportive learn-by-doing environment† to help people become more confident public speakers (International Toastmasters, 2016, para 1). Even more, the website offers public speaking tips, video libraries, educational programs, and peer to peer support. Timeline This willRead MoreBenefits of Speaking Foreign Languages3205 Words   |  13 Pagesforeign languages in school and college , but now still I continue learning new words and expressions , improving my communication opportunities this way .The advantages of speaking English are obvious and undisputable . English is a language of international communication , which is known now all around the world . No matter where you travel to , any continent or country : Germany , China , Ghana or Argentina , you ‘ll be understood if you can speak English . Nowadays , speaking good English is anRead MoreLeadership Styles From The Television1395 Words   |  6 Pagesadmire him. Plan to improve leadership My plan to improve my leadership abilities will include practicing speeches in front of people. I plan to join a Toastmasters International group, which is a group to help develop speaking and leadership skills. 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During my professional experiences I frequently provided written materials on account/project status to necessary stakeholders and verbally led account/project status meetings. I’m also a member of Toastmasters International. Toastmasters International is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking, and l eadership skills. *8. Describe and rate your proficiency (beginnerRead MoreSupervisory Roles And Theories Of Motivation1370 Words   |  6 Pagesby principles of motivation. Principles of Motivation â€Å"Motivating others is not an easy task, but if you gain an understanding of what motivates team members, you can apply proven principles and techniques to inspire those around you† (Toastmasters International, 2014). The Human Resource model is a great example of how principles of motivation can be applied within an organization. â€Å"Empowerment-oriented organizations promote the use of team building and collaboration among staff members† (LewisRead MoreProvide Leadership Across The Organization1279 Words   |  6 Pagesbooks on presentation skills. restaurant manager After reading the books, I will measure my knowledge on more advanced presentation techniques. 3 weeks Join Toastmasters International to frequently practice my newly acquired presentation skills. restaurant owner I will measure progress by soliciting feedback from other Toastmaster participates; pursue certification. 4 weeks Seek out new opportunities to present information and reports in a team setting. gourmet food edit and writer Read MoreThe Monk Who Sold His Ferrari1242 Words   |  5 PagesMonk Who Sold His Ferrari, which has sold 5 million copies. Sharma is the founder of a business training firm called Sharma Leadership International Inc. located in Toronto, Canada. Sharma is a leadership expert who was ranked in the top 10 worldwide and was given the Golden Gavel award by Toastmasters International in the year 2011.He was ranked 7th on the International Leadership Professional Gurus list in 2012.and has appeared on numerous television and radio programs. â€Å"He conducts training programmes

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics. Answer: Definition with explanation and examples As per the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics, there are 5 fundamental principles of professional ethics which needs to be followed by the professional accountants, which have been mentioned as below: Integrity: Integrity refers to being straightforward and honest in all the dealings with respect to the business. The information provided should not be misleading such that the business decisions are wrongly taken. Example: Data on employees salary to management for discussion on hike. Objectivity: This infers that the business decisions should not be baised or it should not entertain any conflict of interest. It should not override any business judgements in the long run. Example: The management should take decision for the whole group of shareholders rather than only a particular section of shareholders Confidentiality: This is one of the most important principles and that the confidentiality of the data should not be leaked at any cost. The clients information should not be disclosed to any one or it can be done only at the permission of the client(Dichev, 2017). Examples: The internal policies of one company should not be disclosed to any other company. Professional competence and due care: The professional should provide the best advice and guidance which are as per the currentaccounting law and he should act deligently in accordance with the technical and professional standards. Example: Correct laws should be used for reporting of any company. Professional behaviour: The given professional should act in a legitimate manner and should not indulge in any of the acts which leads to bad name for the profession as a whole(Alexander, 2016). Example: The professional should not override any discrepancy on records due to friendly behaviour by client. Exaplanation to journal entries Below are the explanation given to the journal entries using the concept of reverse engineering: March 1: The company would have received the rent revenue from the client in cash worth 500, therefore, cash has been debited and rent revenue has been credited. March 2: Here, the company would have purchased the stationary worth 700 and would have paid in cash therefore, stationary expenses have been debited and cash has been credited. March 3: Here, the company would have purchased the furniture on credit worth 2000, therefore the furniture being asset has been debited and accounts payable being creditors has been credited. References Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431. Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting.Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay Example

Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay TraditionalSanjeev Rana Knitwear Department, National Institute of Fashion Technology Abstract Manipur is one of the richest states in plant biodiversity in the North Eastern states of India. Different ethnic groups, residing in Manipur before the introduction of the chemical dyes into the state, used the dyes extracted from the plants. Women in Manipur practice dyeing using varieties of plant leaves, flowers and tree barks. The natural dyes were obtained from plants and have been used by weavers for imparting different shades of color to different clothes, bamboo baskets, flowerpots, fishing nets, etc. There are more than 50 plants species in Manipur, which are used as dyes right from ancient times, before chemical dyes were introduced in the state. This review is an attempt to describe the dyes extracted from plants by the Meitei Community of Manipur. The traditional methods of extraction as well as the plant parts used in the extraction have also been mentioned briefly. These locally extracted dyes are still used for dyeing of handloom products of the state, which are famous all over the world for their indigenous designs and quality. MANIPUR Manipur is one of the state of the eight sister states of northeast India. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 23Â °83’N 25Â °68’N and longitude of 93Â °03’E 94Â °78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22327 sq. km and the total population of the state is 22,93,896 [4]. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the South, Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Myanmar in the east. The state has its own emblem, bird and animal. The State Emblem is Kangla Sha. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The State Bird is Nongin and the State Animal is Sangai [4]. [pic] Fig. 1. Location map of Manipur 1. Dye Yielding Plants The process of dyeing was started during the reign of King Taothing-Mang (264- 364 AD). The system of dyeing progressed during the reign of King Yanglao Keiphaba (969-984 AD), who introduced the beautiful textile Hij Mayek (later known as Hijam mayek) colourfully dyed, and worn by the women folk of Manipur. Some plants, which were used by the people of Manipur for dyeing are: Table 1 |S. No. Scientific name |Local name |Description |Use | | | | |A middle-sized tree with brown bark. It is a rare plant | | |1. |Acacia catechu Wild |Kabokhajee |occurring wild along the border with Myanmar. A fast |Preparation of local | | |(Mimosaceae) [1]. | |reddish black dye is obtained from the heartwood of the |inks and dyeing cotton| | | | |plant by boiling in water. Small chips of the heartwood |fabrics. | | | | |are boiled in water for about one hour. Then the dye is | | | | | |concentrated by evaporation in iron vessels. | | | | | | |Used as adhesive for | |2. |Achyranthes aspera Linn. |Khujumpere |Whole plant is first ried, burnt to ashes and is mixed |various colors and | | |(Amaranthaceae) [2]. | |with water. This dye is |making the color | | | | | |brighter. | | | | |A middle-sized evergreen tree found wild in Tamenglong | | |3. |Amoora spectabilis Miq. |Oongang |district. As the local name suggests, a pale scarlet |Used for dyeing cotton| | |(Meliaceae) [1]. | |color is obtained from the hardwood by boiling in water. |fabrics. | | | | |Acids and alkalies are added before use. | | | | | |A slender tall palm with annulated stems. Commonly | | |4. |Areca catechu Linn |Kwa pambi |cultivated in the Jiribam sub-division. A copper red dye |Used for Painting | | |(Arecaceae) [1]. | |is obtained from the nuts. The crushed nuts are mixed | | | | | |with water and allowed to stand for a few hours. On | | | | | |adding lime, a copper red dye is obtained. | | | | | | | | |5. Averrhoea carambela Linn. |Rupuan thai | |Used as a good | | |(Oxalidaceae) [2] | |Mature fruits are taken and its juice is squeezed into |adhesive to the | | | | |the water containing tub. |Ureirom (Bixa | | | | | |orellana) dye. | | | | | | | | | |A wild, glabrous twinning herb of common occurrence. A | | |6. |Basella alba Linn |Uroksumbal |deep purple color is obtained from the ripe fruits of |Used for dyeing | | |(Basellaceae) [1]. | |this plant. Different colors can also be obtained from |fabrics and in | | | | |the leaves and stems. The dye is generally extracted with|painting. | | | | |water. | | | | | |A moderately sized deciduous tree, commonly found in the | | |7. |Bauhinia purpurea Linn |Chingthrao |Manipur Valley, sometimes cultivated for the beautiful |Used for Painting | | |(Caesalpiniaceae) [1]. |angangba |flowers. A rose-purple dye is obtained from the fresh | | | | | |flowers. The fresh petals are directly applied on the | | | | | |cloth or surface to be colored. | | | | | |A shrub of very rare occurrence. Grows wild in Ukhrul | | |8. |Berberis manipurana Ahr |Oonapu |district. As the local name suggests, a beautiful yellow |Used for dyeing | | |(Berberidaceae) [1]. |dye is obtained from the stem and roots by boiling in |mulberry silk | | | | |water. Acids and alkalis can be added for concentrating |fabrics(locally known | | | | |the dye. |as Kabrang). | | | | | | | |9. |Bixa orellana Linn |Ureirom |A small evergreen tree, commonly cultivated in the |Used for dyeing | | |(Bixaceae) [1]. |homestead compounds. A pale red dye is obtained from the |locally made cotton | | | | |arils of the seed. The seeds are soaked in cold water to |towels and | | | | |extract the dye. |loin-clothes and also | | | | | |in painting. | | | | |A branched annual herb, commonly cultivated during the | | |10. Carthamus tinctorius Linn |Kushum lei |summer season. Either a golden yel low dye (locally known |Used for dyeing of | | |(Asteraceae)[1]. | |as Sana Phige Machu) or a pink red dye can be extracted |cotton and silk | | | | |from the flowers using different extraction techniques. |clothes and also in | | | | |The fresh petals are wrapped with the leaves of |painting | | | | |Stachyphrynium imbricatum (Roxb. K. Schum. (Local | | | | | |name-Leihoura) and then allowed to ferment for a few | | | | | |days. The fermented petals are mixed with water and | | | | | |filtered. The yellow dye so obtained is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. Addition of common salts results in a golden | | | | | |yellow dye, while a pink red dye can be obtained by | | | | | |adding alkalies obtained from the ashes of Achyranthes | | | | | |aspera Linn. (Local name-Khujum pere). The flowers are | | | | | |offered to God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |11. |Celosia argentea Linn |Haorei angangba |An erect glabrous annual, commonly cultivated in the |Used for painting. | | |(Amaranthaceae) [1]. | |gardens throughout the state. A pink red dye is obtained | | | | | |from the flowers. | | | | | |An annual climber, commonly cultivated for the flowers in| | |12. Clitoria ternatea Linn |Aprajita |the Manipur Valley. A blue dye is obtained from the dried|Used only for | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The dried petals are powdered and then mixed |painting. | | | | |with cold water. The mixture is allowed to stand for 3-4 | | | | | |hr and filtered. | | | | | |A glabrous shrub of common occurrence in wastelands and | | |13. Clerodendrum bracteatum |Kuthap |river banks throughout the state. A pale green dye is |Used for painting. | | |Wall. Ex Walp. | |obtained from the leaves. The fresh leaves are crushed | | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. | |and boiled in water until the dye is fairly concentrated. | | | | | |After cooling, acidic dye mordants are added before use. | | | | |A middle sized deciduous tree, grows wild in Tamenglong | | |14. |Cordia grandis Forst |Lamuk |district. A black dye is obtained from the fruit and bark|Used for painting. | | |(Boraginaceae) [1]. | |of this plant. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | | | | |An annual with rhizomatous underground stem, cultivated | | |15. Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yaingang |throughout the state. A golden yellow dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |(Zingiberaceae) [1]. | |from the underground rhizomes. The dye can be extracted |painting. | | | | |either in hot or cold water containing ashes extracted by| | | | | |burning Zanthoxylum acanth opodium DC. (Local name- | | | | | |Mukthrubi). By adding lime water or alkalies, a brick red| | | | | |dye could also be obtained. | | | | | |A leafless, twinning parasite, commonly found in the | | |16. |Cuscuta reflexa Roxb |Uri napu |Manipur Valley. A yellow dye from the whole plant by |Used for dyeing of | | |(Cuscutaceae) [1]. | |crushing in cold water. cotton clothes and in | | | | | |painting. | | | | |A tall tree of common occurrence along the Indo- Myanmar | | |17. |Dipterocarpus turbinatus |Yangou |border at Moreh and Lokchao. A whitish dye is obtained |Used for painting. | | |Gaertn. f. | |from the wood by boiling in water. The same dye could | | | |(Dipterocarpaceae) [1]. |also be obtained from the sap of the plant. | | | | | |A small deciduous tree, very common in the hills of | | |18. |Emblica officinalis Gaertn |Heigru |Manipur. A reddish black dye is obtained from the bark |Used for dyeing of | | |(Euphorbiaceae) [1]. | |and fruits. The dye is extracted by crushing the bark or |fishing nets. | | | | |fruits in col d water and allowed to stand for 48 hrs. The| | | | | |dye is concentrated by boiling and adding common salt. | | | | | |A deciduous tree with strong incurved prickles, common in| | |19. |Erythrina stricta Roxb |Kurao angangba |the Manipur valley and sometimes planted in the homestead|Used for painting. | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |compounds. A coral red dye is obtained from the dried | | | | | |flowers. The dried and powdered flowers are added to | | | | | |sufficient amount of cold water and allowed to stand for | | | | | |a few hours. Slake lime and common salts are added as | | | | | |mordants | | | | | | | | |20. Garcinia xanthochymus |Puangthai |Fruits are cut into pieces and soaked in water or cut |Used as adhesive to | | |Hook. f. | |pieces are taken in a clean piece of cloth and squeezed |different dyes. | | |(Guttiferae/Clusiaceae) [2]| |into the water. The prepared liquid is | | | | | |A large shrub, commonly cultivated in the gardens | | |21. |Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn|Juba kushum |throughout the state. A red dye obtained from the fresh |Used for painting | | |(Malvaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The petals are is directly applied to the | | | | | |surface to be colored. In ancient times, the petals were | | | | | |rubbed on the pages of hand written books to protect them| | | | | |from insects. | | | | |A large clumped herb, grows wild in marshy places | | |22. |Iris bakeri Wall |Kombirei |particularly at Lamphel. A deep blue color is obtained |Used for painting. | | |(Iridaceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The flowers are also offered to | | | | | |God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |23. |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. )|Yachubi | |Practiced by different| | |M. A. Rau (Rubiaceae) [2] | |Leaves are chewed by the children to color their teeth |ethnic groups of | | | | |(greenish/brownish). |people of the state | | |Mallotus philippensis | |A small evergreen tree grows wild throughout the valley. | |24. |Muell-Arg (Euphorbiaceae) |Ureirom laba |A crimson red dye is obtained from the fruits. The sun |Used for dyeing silk | | |[1]. | |dried fruits are soaked in cold water to extract the dye. |fabrics. | | | | |A large deciduous tree with very stout branches. A rare | | |25. |Melanorrhoea usitata Wall |Kheu |plant available only in Manipur along the border with |Used for dyeing and | | |(Anacardiaceae) [1]. |Myanmar. An oily blackish dye is obtained from the wood |painting. | | | | |and roots. The crushed and cut plant parts are boiled in | | | | | |water for about25 minutes and cooled down. Acidic dye | | | | | |mordants and common salts are to be added for | | | | | |concentrating the dye. | | | | |A weak, erect under shrub, very common in the hills | | |26. |Osbeckia chinensis Linn |Yachubi |surrounding Manipur Valley. A violet dye is obtained from|Used in olden days for| | |(Melastomataceae) [1]. | |the fruits. The crushed fruits are soaked in local made |coloring teeth. | | | | |wine or country liquor for best results. | | | | |A medium- sized, unarmed tree with spreading branches, | | |27. |Parkia timoriana |Yongchak |very common throughout the state. Also extensively |The filtrate is used | | |(A. DC. )Merr. (Mimosaceae) | |cultivated for the edible fruits. A reddish dye is |for dyeing all types | | |[1]. | |obtained from the stem and fruits. Pieces of stem and |of fishing nets | | | | |outer green covers of the fruits are soaked in cold water| | | | | |in earthen vessels for 24 hrs. The people of the state | | | | | |use the fruits as delicious food item during winter | | | | | |season. | | | | |A large evergreen tree common in the hills of Manipur. A | | |28. |Pasania pachyphylla (Kurz. )|Kuhi |reddish dye is obtained from the bark. Fresh bark pieces |Used for dyeing | | |Scott (Fagaceae) [1]. | |are soaked in cold water for about 48 hrs. Acidic dye |fishing nets and | | | | |mordants are added before use. cotton fabrics. | | | | |A climber with cordate, elliptic leaves, cultivated | | |29. |Piper betle Linn |Pana mana/Kwa mana|mainly in the Jiribam sub-division. A deep reddish dye is|Used for painting. | | |(Piperaceae) [1]. | |obtained by crushing the fresh leaves along with the | | | | | |seeds of Areca catechu Linn. and lime in cold water. | | | | | | | |30. |Plumbago indica Linn. |Mukaklei |Flowers are collected in large amount and its petals are |Used for dyeing fabric| | |(Plumbaginaceae) [2]. | |crushed and soaked in water. Clothes or yarn threads |and yarn. | | | | |dipped into this liquid acquire pale red color. This is | | | | | |not regularly used, since it involves collection of large| | | | | |amount of flowers. | | | | | | | | |31. |Polygonum chinense Linn. |Angom Yensil |Crushed whole plant is soaked in water for 2-3 days and |It is used as adhesive| | |(Polygonaceae) [2]. | |the liquid is used as dye. |for dark color. | | | |A reddish brown dye is obtained from the young fruits. | | |32. |Psidium guajava Linn |Pungdon |The dye is extracted by crushing the fruit in cold water. |Used for painting. | | |(Myrtaceae) [1]. | | | | | | | |A shrub with 4-angled branches, cultivated in the | | |33. |Punica granatum Linn |Kaphoi |homestead compounds in the valley areas. Pieces of the |Used for dyeing | | |(Punicaceae) [1]. | |fruit after removal of the seeds are soaked in cold water|fishing nets. | | | | |to extract the dye. | | | | | |The bark is cut into pieces and soaked in a pitcher | | |34. |Quercus dealbata (Fagaceae)|Shahi |containing water. This plant is used as a substitute for |Used for dyeing of | | |[2]. | |kuhi (Quercus spp. plant. The dye obtained from this |cloths and yarn. | | | | |plant is considered inferior to the ‘kuhi’ dye. | | | | | |A climber with quadrangular stem, grows wild in the | | |35. |Rubia cordifolia Linn |Moyum pambi |forests adjoining Myanmar. A beautiful deep pink dye is |Used for dyeing and | | |(Rubiaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the stem and roots of this plant. The dye |painting. | | | |is extracted by crushing the roots or stem in cold water. | | | | | |Acidic dye mordants are added before dyeing. | | | | | |A much branched, armed shrub, found wild in the | | |36. |Solanum ferox Linn |Khamu |wastel ands and forests. A deep chocolate colored dye is |Used only for printing| | |(Solanaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the mature fruits. The fruits are crushed |of designs and | | | | |and soaked in water for 3 hrs. An equal volume of the |patterns on cotton | | | | |juice extracted from Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Local name|and silk fabrics. | | | | |– Khujum pere) is added to the fruit extract. After | | | | | |adding alkalies, the extract is concentrated by boiling. | | | | |A glabrous shrub often cultivated for the dye in the | | |37. |Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) |Kum |Manipur valley. Brilliant blue and black dyes are |Dyes extracted are | | |Imlay syn. S. | |obtained from the leaves and stem of this plant. Both |most popularly used | | |flaccidifolius Nees | |fresh and dry plant parts can be used for the extraction. |for dyeing of costly | | |(Acanthaceae) [1]. |According to the choice of |loin clothes(locally | | | | |color, the dye is extracted by different methods such as |known as Phanek Mayek | | | | |crushing with water, by fermentation or by boiling. For |Naiba(Kumjingbi, Kum | | | | |extracting blue dye, the fresh leaves are soaked in cold |luppi and Higok | | | | |water for 3 days in airtight earthen vessels. The dye is |kumballei)) of the | | | | |then concentrated by boiling after the addition of common|womenfolk of the | | | | |salts. For black dye, air dried leaves are pounded in a |state. | | | | |mortar and then fermented in airtight earthen vessels for| | | | | |3 days. After adding dye mordants, the extract is | | | | | |concentrated by boiling. | | | | | |An annual, cultivated throughout the state for the | | |38. |Tagetes patula Linn |Sanarei |variously colored flowers. The dye is generally extracted|Used in painting. | | |(Asteraceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The color of the dye depends upon| | | | | |the color of the flowers but generally yellow and golden | | | | | |yellow dyes are extracted. | | | | | |A large tree found in the forests along the border with | | |39. |Tectona grandis Linn. F. |Chingshu |Myanmar, sometimes cultivated. A maroon colored dye is |Used for painting. | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. |obtained from the leaves while a deep brownish color is | | | | | |obtained from the barks. Either the bark or leaves are | | | | | |first crushed and then soaked in water for 2 hrs. After | | | | | |adding acids or alkalies, the dye is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. | | | | |A large deciduous tree, grows wild in the Barak Drainage | | |40. |Terminalia citrine Roxb. Ex|Manahee |forest, sometimes cultivated. A blackish dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |Flem (Combretaceae) [1]. | |from the bark. The dye is extracted just by soaking or |painting. | | | | |boiling the bark in water. | | | | | |An quatic perennial herb. Common in marshy areas and | | |41. |Zizania caduciflora |Ishing Kambong |lakes. A black dye is obtained from the culms infected by|Used for dyeing and | | |Hand. -Mazz (Poaceae) [1]. | |a fungus, Melanopsichium |painting. | | | | |esculentum P. Hen. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | Besides the above mentioned 41 species, there are several other plants such as Cascabela thevetia (Linn. Lippold (Local name-Utonglei), Datura stramonium Linn. (Local name-Sangoidak amuba), Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Local name-Khujang), Indigofera tinctoria Linn. (Local name-Neem macha), Ipomoea quamoclit Linn. (Local name-Nunggarei angangba), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Local name-Thambal) and Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (Local name-Tharo) which are used for the extraction of dyes [1]. 2. Plants used as source of Alkaline Dye Mordants The people of the state also use several plants species as mordant for dyes. These alkaline dye mordants are extracted from the fresh plants or from the ashes of the plant after burning. The ashes are added to water and then filtered. The filtrate is used as alkaline dye mordants. Some of the plants, which are used as alkaline dye mordants, are: Table 2 | Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | | |Khujum pere | |Achyranthes aspera Linn [1]. Amaranthaceae | | | |Araceae |Hongu | |Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Pullei | |Alpinia nigra (Gaertn. ) Burtt [1]. | | | |Asteraceae |Uchi sumbal | |Eclipta prostrata Linn [1]. | | | | |Moraceae |Ashi heibong | |Ficus hispida Linn. f. 1] | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Ingenllei | |Hedychium marginatum C. B. Cl [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Loklei | |Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd [1]. | | | |Musaceae |Laphu | |Musa paradisiaca Linn [1]. | | | | |Solanaceae |Hidak mana | |Nicotiana tabacum Linn [1]. | | | |Papilionaceae |Hawai tharak | |Pisum sativum Linn [1]. | | | 3. Plants used as source of Acidic Dye M ordants Several acidic fruits have also been used a sources of acidic dye mordants. The choice of fruit depends upon the colour of the dye. Some of the commonly used acidic fruits are: Table 3 |Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | |Bromeliaceae |Kihom | |Ananas comosus (Linn. )Merr [1]. | | | |Averrhoa carambola Linn [1]. Averrhoaceae |Heinoujom | | |Rutaceae |Heiribob | |Citrus latipes (Swingle) Tanaka [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Champra | |Citrus limon (Linn. ) Burm. . [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Heijang | |Citrus medica Linn [1]. | | | | |Euphorbiaceae |Heigru | |Emblica officinalis Gaertn [1]. | | | |Clusiaceae |Heibung | |Garcinia pedunculata Roxb [1]. | | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heinou | |Mangifera indica Linn [1]. | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heimang | |Rhus hookeri Sahni Bahadur [1] | | | Table 4: Different plants give different shades of color. Ten species are mainly used as main dye | S. No. |Plant |Colour | | |Bixa orellana Linn. Red | |1 | | | | |Carthamus tinctorius Linn. |Pink | |2 | | | |3 |Clerodendrum odoratum D. Don |Green | | |Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yellow | |4 | | | | |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. M. A. Rau |Green | |5 | | | | |Parkia roxburghii G. Don |Brown | |6 | | | | |Pasania pachyphylla |Dark Brown, Black | |7 | | | | |Plumbago indica Linn. Red | |8 | | | | |Quercus dealbata |Brown | |9 | | | |Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees |Black | |10 | | | | |Tectona grandis Linn. f. |Red | |11 | | | CONCLUSION From the above account, it can be observed that people of Manipur, still extensively use dyes extracted from plants for dyeing of their handloom products. Some of these dyes are also used in fine arts. So far no systematic investigation was carried out to catalog all the dye yielding plants of the state. The specialty of these locally extracted plant dyes is that the synthetic dyes cannot match the particular hue and chroma of these dyes. The people of Manipur can produce these dyes in large scale, commercially by opening factories and can compete with chemical dyes, which are harmful from environmental point of view. To create awareness of availability and promotion of fabrics items created with natural dyes, suitable promotion and publicity need to be launched. In order to revive the art and to promote the use of natural dyes, it is essential that research and development work on such dyes be placed on an organized footing. It can, thus, be concluded that the study will serve as a source for socio-environmental development of the people of Manipur in particular and for the Nation in general. REFERENCES . H Manoranjan Sharma et all (A Radhapyari Devi and B Manihar Sharma), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 42 2. G Akimpou et all (K Rongmei and P S Yadava), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 34 3. Lunalisa Potsangbam et all (Swapana Ningombam Warjeet S Laitonjam), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 7(1), January 2008, 142 4. http://www. manipuronline. in/Profile/Geography/ (accessed on 2nd December 2010) Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay Example Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay TraditionalSanjeev Rana Knitwear Department, National Institute of Fashion Technology Abstract Manipur is one of the richest states in plant biodiversity in the North Eastern states of India. Different ethnic groups, residing in Manipur before the introduction of the chemical dyes into the state, used the dyes extracted from the plants. Women in Manipur practice dyeing using varieties of plant leaves, flowers and tree barks. The natural dyes were obtained from plants and have been used by weavers for imparting different shades of color to different clothes, bamboo baskets, flowerpots, fishing nets, etc. There are more than 50 plants species in Manipur, which are used as dyes right from ancient times, before chemical dyes were introduced in the state. This review is an attempt to describe the dyes extracted from plants by the Meitei Community of Manipur. The traditional methods of extraction as well as the plant parts used in the extraction have also been mentioned briefly. These locally extracted dyes are still used for dyeing of handloom products of the state, which are famous all over the world for their indigenous designs and quality. MANIPUR Manipur is one of the state of the eight sister states of northeast India. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 23Â °83’N 25Â °68’N and longitude of 93Â °03’E 94Â °78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22327 sq. km and the total population of the state is 22,93,896 [4]. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the South, Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Myanmar in the east. The state has its own emblem, bird and animal. The State Emblem is Kangla Sha. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The State Bird is Nongin and the State Animal is Sangai [4]. [pic] Fig. 1. Location map of Manipur 1. Dye Yielding Plants The process of dyeing was started during the reign of King Taothing-Mang (264- 364 AD). The system of dyeing progressed during the reign of King Yanglao Keiphaba (969-984 AD), who introduced the beautiful textile Hij Mayek (later known as Hijam mayek) colourfully dyed, and worn by the women folk of Manipur. Some plants, which were used by the people of Manipur for dyeing are: Table 1 |S. No. Scientific name |Local name |Description |Use | | | | |A middle-sized tree with brown bark. It is a rare plant | | |1. |Acacia catechu Wild |Kabokhajee |occurring wild along the border with Myanmar. A fast |Preparation of local | | |(Mimosaceae) [1]. | |reddish black dye is obtained from the heartwood of the |inks and dyeing cotton| | | | |plant by boiling in water. Small chips of the heartwood |fabrics. | | | | |are boiled in water for about one hour. Then the dye is | | | | | |concentrated by evaporation in iron vessels. | | | | | | |Used as adhesive for | |2. |Achyranthes aspera Linn. |Khujumpere |Whole plant is first ried, burnt to ashes and is mixed |various colors and | | |(Amaranthaceae) [2]. | |with water. This dye is |making the color | | | | | |brighter. | | | | |A middle-sized evergreen tree found wild in Tamenglong | | |3. |Amoora spectabilis Miq. |Oongang |district. As the local name suggests, a pale scarlet |Used for dyeing cotton| | |(Meliaceae) [1]. | |color is obtained from the hardwood by boiling in water. |fabrics. | | | | |Acids and alkalies are added before use. | | | | | |A slender tall palm with annulated stems. Commonly | | |4. |Areca catechu Linn |Kwa pambi |cultivated in the Jiribam sub-division. A copper red dye |Used for Painting | | |(Arecaceae) [1]. | |is obtained from the nuts. The crushed nuts are mixed | | | | | |with water and allowed to stand for a few hours. On | | | | | |adding lime, a copper red dye is obtained. | | | | | | | | |5. Averrhoea carambela Linn. |Rupuan thai | |Used as a good | | |(Oxalidaceae) [2] | |Mature fruits are taken and its juice is squeezed into |adhesive to the | | | | |the water containing tub. |Ureirom (Bixa | | | | | |orellana) dye. | | | | | | | | | |A wild, glabrous twinning herb of common occurrence. A | | |6. |Basella alba Linn |Uroksumbal |deep purple color is obtained from the ripe fruits of |Used for dyeing | | |(Basellaceae) [1]. | |this plant. Different colors can also be obtained from |fabrics and in | | | | |the leaves and stems. The dye is generally extracted with|painting. | | | | |water. | | | | | |A moderately sized deciduous tree, commonly found in the | | |7. |Bauhinia purpurea Linn |Chingthrao |Manipur Valley, sometimes cultivated for the beautiful |Used for Painting | | |(Caesalpiniaceae) [1]. |angangba |flowers. A rose-purple dye is obtained from the fresh | | | | | |flowers. The fresh petals are directly applied on the | | | | | |cloth or surface to be colored. | | | | | |A shrub of very rare occurrence. Grows wild in Ukhrul | | |8. |Berberis manipurana Ahr |Oonapu |district. As the local name suggests, a beautiful yellow |Used for dyeing | | |(Berberidaceae) [1]. |dye is obtained from the stem and roots by boiling in |mulberry silk | | | | |water. Acids and alkalis can be added for concentrating |fabrics(locally known | | | | |the dye. |as Kabrang). | | | | | | | |9. |Bixa orellana Linn |Ureirom |A small evergreen tree, commonly cultivated in the |Used for dyeing | | |(Bixaceae) [1]. |homestead compounds. A pale red dye is obtained from the |locally made cotton | | | | |arils of the seed. The seeds are soaked in cold water to |towels and | | | | |extract the dye. |loin-clothes and also | | | | | |in painting. | | | | |A branched annual herb, commonly cultivated during the | | |10. Carthamus tinctorius Linn |Kushum lei |summer season. Either a golden yel low dye (locally known |Used for dyeing of | | |(Asteraceae)[1]. | |as Sana Phige Machu) or a pink red dye can be extracted |cotton and silk | | | | |from the flowers using different extraction techniques. |clothes and also in | | | | |The fresh petals are wrapped with the leaves of |painting | | | | |Stachyphrynium imbricatum (Roxb. K. Schum. (Local | | | | | |name-Leihoura) and then allowed to ferment for a few | | | | | |days. The fermented petals are mixed with water and | | | | | |filtered. The yellow dye so obtained is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. Addition of common salts results in a golden | | | | | |yellow dye, while a pink red dye can be obtained by | | | | | |adding alkalies obtained from the ashes of Achyranthes | | | | | |aspera Linn. (Local name-Khujum pere). The flowers are | | | | | |offered to God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |11. |Celosia argentea Linn |Haorei angangba |An erect glabrous annual, commonly cultivated in the |Used for painting. | | |(Amaranthaceae) [1]. | |gardens throughout the state. A pink red dye is obtained | | | | | |from the flowers. | | | | | |An annual climber, commonly cultivated for the flowers in| | |12. Clitoria ternatea Linn |Aprajita |the Manipur Valley. A blue dye is obtained from the dried|Used only for | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The dried petals are powdered and then mixed |painting. | | | | |with cold water. The mixture is allowed to stand for 3-4 | | | | | |hr and filtered. | | | | | |A glabrous shrub of common occurrence in wastelands and | | |13. Clerodendrum bracteatum |Kuthap |river banks throughout the state. A pale green dye is |Used for painting. | | |Wall. Ex Walp. | |obtained from the leaves. The fresh leaves are crushed | | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. | |and boiled in water until the dye is fairly concentrated. | | | | | |After cooling, acidic dye mordants are added before use. | | | | |A middle sized deciduous tree, grows wild in Tamenglong | | |14. |Cordia grandis Forst |Lamuk |district. A black dye is obtained from the fruit and bark|Used for painting. | | |(Boraginaceae) [1]. | |of this plant. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | | | | |An annual with rhizomatous underground stem, cultivated | | |15. Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yaingang |throughout the state. A golden yellow dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |(Zingiberaceae) [1]. | |from the underground rhizomes. The dye can be extracted |painting. | | | | |either in hot or cold water containing ashes extracted by| | | | | |burning Zanthoxylum acanth opodium DC. (Local name- | | | | | |Mukthrubi). By adding lime water or alkalies, a brick red| | | | | |dye could also be obtained. | | | | | |A leafless, twinning parasite, commonly found in the | | |16. |Cuscuta reflexa Roxb |Uri napu |Manipur Valley. A yellow dye from the whole plant by |Used for dyeing of | | |(Cuscutaceae) [1]. | |crushing in cold water. cotton clothes and in | | | | | |painting. | | | | |A tall tree of common occurrence along the Indo- Myanmar | | |17. |Dipterocarpus turbinatus |Yangou |border at Moreh and Lokchao. A whitish dye is obtained |Used for painting. | | |Gaertn. f. | |from the wood by boiling in water. The same dye could | | | |(Dipterocarpaceae) [1]. |also be obtained from the sap of the plant. | | | | | |A small deciduous tree, very common in the hills of | | |18. |Emblica officinalis Gaertn |Heigru |Manipur. A reddish black dye is obtained from the bark |Used for dyeing of | | |(Euphorbiaceae) [1]. | |and fruits. The dye is extracted by crushing the bark or |fishing nets. | | | | |fruits in col d water and allowed to stand for 48 hrs. The| | | | | |dye is concentrated by boiling and adding common salt. | | | | | |A deciduous tree with strong incurved prickles, common in| | |19. |Erythrina stricta Roxb |Kurao angangba |the Manipur valley and sometimes planted in the homestead|Used for painting. | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |compounds. A coral red dye is obtained from the dried | | | | | |flowers. The dried and powdered flowers are added to | | | | | |sufficient amount of cold water and allowed to stand for | | | | | |a few hours. Slake lime and common salts are added as | | | | | |mordants | | | | | | | | |20. Garcinia xanthochymus |Puangthai |Fruits are cut into pieces and soaked in water or cut |Used as adhesive to | | |Hook. f. | |pieces are taken in a clean piece of cloth and squeezed |different dyes. | | |(Guttiferae/Clusiaceae) [2]| |into the water. The prepared liquid is | | | | | |A large shrub, commonly cultivated in the gardens | | |21. |Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn|Juba kushum |throughout the state. A red dye obtained from the fresh |Used for painting | | |(Malvaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The petals are is directly applied to the | | | | | |surface to be colored. In ancient times, the petals were | | | | | |rubbed on the pages of hand written books to protect them| | | | | |from insects. | | | | |A large clumped herb, grows wild in marshy places | | |22. |Iris bakeri Wall |Kombirei |particularly at Lamphel. A deep blue color is obtained |Used for painting. | | |(Iridaceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The flowers are also offered to | | | | | |God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |23. |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. )|Yachubi | |Practiced by different| | |M. A. Rau (Rubiaceae) [2] | |Leaves are chewed by the children to color their teeth |ethnic groups of | | | | |(greenish/brownish). |people of the state | | |Mallotus philippensis | |A small evergreen tree grows wild throughout the valley. | |24. |Muell-Arg (Euphorbiaceae) |Ureirom laba |A crimson red dye is obtained from the fruits. The sun |Used for dyeing silk | | |[1]. | |dried fruits are soaked in cold water to extract the dye. |fabrics. | | | | |A large deciduous tree with very stout branches. A rare | | |25. |Melanorrhoea usitata Wall |Kheu |plant available only in Manipur along the border with |Used for dyeing and | | |(Anacardiaceae) [1]. |Myanmar. An oily blackish dye is obtained from the wood |painting. | | | | |and roots. The crushed and cut plant parts are boiled in | | | | | |water for about25 minutes and cooled down. Acidic dye | | | | | |mordants and common salts are to be added for | | | | | |concentrating the dye. | | | | |A weak, erect under shrub, very common in the hills | | |26. |Osbeckia chinensis Linn |Yachubi |surrounding Manipur Valley. A violet dye is obtained from|Used in olden days for| | |(Melastomataceae) [1]. | |the fruits. The crushed fruits are soaked in local made |coloring teeth. | | | | |wine or country liquor for best results. | | | | |A medium- sized, unarmed tree with spreading branches, | | |27. |Parkia timoriana |Yongchak |very common throughout the state. Also extensively |The filtrate is used | | |(A. DC. )Merr. (Mimosaceae) | |cultivated for the edible fruits. A reddish dye is |for dyeing all types | | |[1]. | |obtained from the stem and fruits. Pieces of stem and |of fishing nets | | | | |outer green covers of the fruits are soaked in cold water| | | | | |in earthen vessels for 24 hrs. The people of the state | | | | | |use the fruits as delicious food item during winter | | | | | |season. | | | | |A large evergreen tree common in the hills of Manipur. A | | |28. |Pasania pachyphylla (Kurz. )|Kuhi |reddish dye is obtained from the bark. Fresh bark pieces |Used for dyeing | | |Scott (Fagaceae) [1]. | |are soaked in cold water for about 48 hrs. Acidic dye |fishing nets and | | | | |mordants are added before use. cotton fabrics. | | | | |A climber with cordate, elliptic leaves, cultivated | | |29. |Piper betle Linn |Pana mana/Kwa mana|mainly in the Jiribam sub-division. A deep reddish dye is|Used for painting. | | |(Piperaceae) [1]. | |obtained by crushing the fresh leaves along with the | | | | | |seeds of Areca catechu Linn. and lime in cold water. | | | | | | | |30. |Plumbago indica Linn. |Mukaklei |Flowers are collected in large amount and its petals are |Used for dyeing fabric| | |(Plumbaginaceae) [2]. | |crushed and soaked in water. Clothes or yarn threads |and yarn. | | | | |dipped into this liquid acquire pale red color. This is | | | | | |not regularly used, since it involves collection of large| | | | | |amount of flowers. | | | | | | | | |31. |Polygonum chinense Linn. |Angom Yensil |Crushed whole plant is soaked in water for 2-3 days and |It is used as adhesive| | |(Polygonaceae) [2]. | |the liquid is used as dye. |for dark color. | | | |A reddish brown dye is obtained from the young fruits. | | |32. |Psidium guajava Linn |Pungdon |The dye is extracted by crushing the fruit in cold water. |Used for painting. | | |(Myrtaceae) [1]. | | | | | | | |A shrub with 4-angled branches, cultivated in the | | |33. |Punica granatum Linn |Kaphoi |homestead compounds in the valley areas. Pieces of the |Used for dyeing | | |(Punicaceae) [1]. | |fruit after removal of the seeds are soaked in cold water|fishing nets. | | | | |to extract the dye. | | | | | |The bark is cut into pieces and soaked in a pitcher | | |34. |Quercus dealbata (Fagaceae)|Shahi |containing water. This plant is used as a substitute for |Used for dyeing of | | |[2]. | |kuhi (Quercus spp. plant. The dye obtained from this |cloths and yarn. | | | | |plant is considered inferior to the ‘kuhi’ dye. | | | | | |A climber with quadrangular stem, grows wild in the | | |35. |Rubia cordifolia Linn |Moyum pambi |forests adjoining Myanmar. A beautiful deep pink dye is |Used for dyeing and | | |(Rubiaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the stem and roots of this plant. The dye |painting. | | | |is extracted by crushing the roots or stem in cold water. | | | | | |Acidic dye mordants are added before dyeing. | | | | | |A much branched, armed shrub, found wild in the | | |36. |Solanum ferox Linn |Khamu |wastel ands and forests. A deep chocolate colored dye is |Used only for printing| | |(Solanaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the mature fruits. The fruits are crushed |of designs and | | | | |and soaked in water for 3 hrs. An equal volume of the |patterns on cotton | | | | |juice extracted from Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Local name|and silk fabrics. | | | | |– Khujum pere) is added to the fruit extract. After | | | | | |adding alkalies, the extract is concentrated by boiling. | | | | |A glabrous shrub often cultivated for the dye in the | | |37. |Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) |Kum |Manipur valley. Brilliant blue and black dyes are |Dyes extracted are | | |Imlay syn. S. | |obtained from the leaves and stem of this plant. Both |most popularly used | | |flaccidifolius Nees | |fresh and dry plant parts can be used for the extraction. |for dyeing of costly | | |(Acanthaceae) [1]. |According to the choice of |loin clothes(locally | | | | |color, the dye is extracted by different methods such as |known as Phanek Mayek | | | | |crushing with water, by fermentation or by boiling. For |Naiba(Kumjingbi, Kum | | | | |extracting blue dye, the fresh leaves are soaked in cold |luppi and Higok | | | | |water for 3 days in airtight earthen vessels. The dye is |kumballei)) of the | | | | |then concentrated by boiling after the addition of common|womenfolk of the | | | | |salts. For black dye, air dried leaves are pounded in a |state. | | | | |mortar and then fermented in airtight earthen vessels for| | | | | |3 days. After adding dye mordants, the extract is | | | | | |concentrated by boiling. | | | | | |An annual, cultivated throughout the state for the | | |38. |Tagetes patula Linn |Sanarei |variously colored flowers. The dye is generally extracted|Used in painting. | | |(Asteraceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The color of the dye depends upon| | | | | |the color of the flowers but generally yellow and golden | | | | | |yellow dyes are extracted. | | | | | |A large tree found in the forests along the border with | | |39. |Tectona grandis Linn. F. |Chingshu |Myanmar, sometimes cultivated. A maroon colored dye is |Used for painting. | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. |obtained from the leaves while a deep brownish color is | | | | | |obtained from the barks. Either the bark or leaves are | | | | | |first crushed and then soaked in water for 2 hrs. After | | | | | |adding acids or alkalies, the dye is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. | | | | |A large deciduous tree, grows wild in the Barak Drainage | | |40. |Terminalia citrine Roxb. Ex|Manahee |forest, sometimes cultivated. A blackish dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |Flem (Combretaceae) [1]. | |from the bark. The dye is extracted just by soaking or |painting. | | | | |boiling the bark in water. | | | | | |An quatic perennial herb. Common in marshy areas and | | |41. |Zizania caduciflora |Ishing Kambong |lakes. A black dye is obtained from the culms infected by|Used for dyeing and | | |Hand. -Mazz (Poaceae) [1]. | |a fungus, Melanopsichium |painting. | | | | |esculentum P. Hen. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | Besides the above mentioned 41 species, there are several other plants such as Cascabela thevetia (Linn. Lippold (Local name-Utonglei), Datura stramonium Linn. (Local name-Sangoidak amuba), Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Local name-Khujang), Indigofera tinctoria Linn. (Local name-Neem macha), Ipomoea quamoclit Linn. (Local name-Nunggarei angangba), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Local name-Thambal) and Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (Local name-Tharo) which are used for the extraction of dyes [1]. 2. Plants used as source of Alkaline Dye Mordants The people of the state also use several plants species as mordant for dyes. These alkaline dye mordants are extracted from the fresh plants or from the ashes of the plant after burning. The ashes are added to water and then filtered. The filtrate is used as alkaline dye mordants. Some of the plants, which are used as alkaline dye mordants, are: Table 2 | Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | | |Khujum pere | |Achyranthes aspera Linn [1]. Amaranthaceae | | | |Araceae |Hongu | |Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Pullei | |Alpinia nigra (Gaertn. ) Burtt [1]. | | | |Asteraceae |Uchi sumbal | |Eclipta prostrata Linn [1]. | | | | |Moraceae |Ashi heibong | |Ficus hispida Linn. f. 1] | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Ingenllei | |Hedychium marginatum C. B. Cl [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Loklei | |Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd [1]. | | | |Musaceae |Laphu | |Musa paradisiaca Linn [1]. | | | | |Solanaceae |Hidak mana | |Nicotiana tabacum Linn [1]. | | | |Papilionaceae |Hawai tharak | |Pisum sativum Linn [1]. | | | 3. Plants used as source of Acidic Dye M ordants Several acidic fruits have also been used a sources of acidic dye mordants. The choice of fruit depends upon the colour of the dye. Some of the commonly used acidic fruits are: Table 3 |Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | |Bromeliaceae |Kihom | |Ananas comosus (Linn. )Merr [1]. | | | |Averrhoa carambola Linn [1]. Averrhoaceae |Heinoujom | | |Rutaceae |Heiribob | |Citrus latipes (Swingle) Tanaka [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Champra | |Citrus limon (Linn. ) Burm. . [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Heijang | |Citrus medica Linn [1]. | | | | |Euphorbiaceae |Heigru | |Emblica officinalis Gaertn [1]. | | | |Clusiaceae |Heibung | |Garcinia pedunculata Roxb [1]. | | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heinou | |Mangifera indica Linn [1]. | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heimang | |Rhus hookeri Sahni Bahadur [1] | | | Table 4: Different plants give different shades of color. Ten species are mainly used as main dye | S. No. |Plant |Colour | | |Bixa orellana Linn. Red | |1 | | | | |Carthamus tinctorius Linn. |Pink | |2 | | | |3 |Clerodendrum odoratum D. Don |Green | | |Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yellow | |4 | | | | |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. M. A. Rau |Green | |5 | | | | |Parkia roxburghii G. Don |Brown | |6 | | | | |Pasania pachyphylla |Dark Brown, Black | |7 | | | | |Plumbago indica Linn. Red | |8 | | | | |Quercus dealbata |Brown | |9 | | | |Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees |Black | |10 | | | | |Tectona grandis Linn. f. |Red | |11 | | | CONCLUSION From the above account, it can be observed that people of Manipur, still extensively use dyes extracted from plants for dyeing of their handloom products. Some of these dyes are also used in fine arts. So far no systematic investigation was carried out to catalog all the dye yielding plants of the state. The specialty of these locally extracted plant dyes is that the synthetic dyes cannot match the particular hue and chroma of these dyes. The people of Manipur can produce these dyes in large scale, commercially by opening factories and can compete with chemical dyes, which are harmful from environmental point of view. To create awareness of availability and promotion of fabrics items created with natural dyes, suitable promotion and publicity need to be launched. In order to revive the art and to promote the use of natural dyes, it is essential that research and development work on such dyes be placed on an organized footing. It can, thus, be concluded that the study will serve as a source for socio-environmental development of the people of Manipur in particular and for the Nation in general. REFERENCES . H Manoranjan Sharma et all (A Radhapyari Devi and B Manihar Sharma), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 42 2. G Akimpou et all (K Rongmei and P S Yadava), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 34 3. Lunalisa Potsangbam et all (Swapana Ningombam Warjeet S Laitonjam), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 7(1), January 2008, 142 4. http://www. manipuronline. in/Profile/Geography/ (accessed on 2nd December 2010)