Cetuximab Antibody Production

Cetuximab Antibody Production Cancer has been studied widely for many decades and is a major part of ongoing research worldwide. During the research a new generation of so-called targeted therapies have been produced to target specific molecular processes that promote cancerous tumour growths. The research lead to development of the drug called Cetuximab which is used to treat head and neck cancers and colon and rectum cancers including large bowel. It is produced under the brand name of Erbitux which is produced by Merck Serono company which is located in Dublin 24 in Ireland. Cetuximab is widely produced in US by several pharmaceutical companies such as Imclone, Bristol Myers Squibb and in UK as well. The treatment with Erbitux is very expensive and the reason for that is because it is a chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody which is produced in a mammalian cell line by recombinant DNA technology which requires cost expensive labour and ingredients. (http://www.medicines.ie/medicine/12082/SPC/Erbitux+5mg+ml+solutio n+for+infusion/ 2010) One of the widely studied areas is molecular targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which lead to development of Cetuximab which works on these molecular targets. Cetuximab works by inhibiting activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Cetuximab was approved by (FDA) Food and Drugs Administration for the use in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using the combination of radiotherapy and for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) as single drug or in combination with chemotherapy. (Bruno Vincenzi, Gaia Schiavon, Marianna Silletta, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini, 2008) Cetuximab is a recombinant chimeric human murine immunoglobulin G1 antibody that binds to the extra-cellular domain of epidermal growth factor receptor with a higher affinity than either endogenous ligand. This binding inhibits receptor phosphorylation and activation and it leads to receptor internalization and degradation. Several studies have shown that cetuximab is able to inhibit growth of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing tumour cells in vitro. Moreover, treatment with cetuximab results in a marked inhibition of tumour growth in nude mice bearing xenografts of human cancer cell lines. These results are linked to cetuximab biological effects as inhibition of cell cycle, tumour progression, neo-angiogenesis, invasion and metastatization, as well as increase and activation of pro-apoptotic molecules. Additionally, cetuximab potentiates, in combination, the effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in eradicating well-established tumours in nude mice and it may even reverse the resistance to some cytotoxic agents in these xenografts. Moreover, numerous clinical trials demonstrated cetuximab efficacy in different tumour types. It has been approved by Food and Drugs Administration in the treatmen t of metastatic colorectal cancer as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, in locally and regionally. (Bruno Vincenzi , Gaia Schiavon, Marianna Silletta, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini 2008) Cetuximab is a chimeric human murine derivative IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds extra-cellular domain of the EGFR. This binding inhibits activation of receptor tyrosine kinase and the associated downstream signalling that includes the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the Janus kinases (Jak) signal transducers and activator of transcription pathways. Furthermore cetuximab induces antibody-mediated receptor dimerization, internalization and degradation leading to receptor down-regulation. In addition, it can determine antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) that could contribute to its antitumoural effect. EGFR is expressed on normal and malignant epithelial cells and it plays an important role in tumour biology. In fact, it promotes proliferation, metastatization, angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis. (Bruno Vincenzi, Gaia Schiavon, Marianna Silletta, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini, 2008 p. 94) The most common EGFR alteration in tumour cells is its over-expression that may lead to ligand-independent receptor dimerization. EGFR is frequently over-expressed in human tumours including breast cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, bladder carcinoma, head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma, colorectal cancer and prostate cancer. Overexpression of EGFR determines the rate of disease progression and aggresivness of cancer. The rate of expression of EGFR can give an overall picture on diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. Table 1 Rate expression of EGFR in different tumour types Tumour type Rate of EGFR expression Head and neck 90‚100% Breast Up to 91% Renal Up to 90% Cervical Up to 85% NSCLC Up to 80% Colon Up to 89% Ovarian Up to 77% Prostate Up to 47% Glioma Up to 63% Pancreas Up to 95% Bladder Up to 72% EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor, NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer. (Bruno Vincenzi , Gaia Schiavon, Marianna Silletta, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini, 2008 p. 95) The mechanisms through which cetuximab expresses its antitumour activity are numerous and not completely understood yet. Different studies demonstrated that cetuximab mediates cell cycle arrest in various tumour cell lines, leading in some cases to apoptosis (programmed cell death). Numerous studies has proven that cetuximab decreases tumour cell production of angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bFGF and interleukin-8 (IL-8). The decrease in angiogenic growth factors, in turn, correlates with a significant decrease in microvessel density and an increase in apoptotic endothelial cells in human tumour xenografts. Angiogenesis is a complex process through which new blood vessels arise from existing vasculature. It is tightly regulated by balance between pro-angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors and it involves autocrine and paracrine signalling. (Bruno Vincenzi, Gaia Schiavon, Marianna Silletta, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini, 2008 p. 97) Both in vitro and in vivo experiments have proven that cetuximab inhibits the invasive and metastatic ability of different tumour types. Tumour invasion is a complex process that needs active interactions between tumour cell, the extra-cellular membrane (ECM) and other stromal elements Different coordinated events are required for cell invasion: firstly, changes in cell‚ cell and cell‚ matrix adhesion, secondly, degradation of ECM, and finally, cell migration, cytoskeletal rearrangement and acquisition of enhanced proteolytic potential. (Maria Luisa Veronese, Peter J. ODwyer, 2004) Cetuximab has been shown to inhibit the expression and activity of several MMPs (Matrix Metalloproteinase enzymes related to tissue healing/remodeling and cancer cell metastasis) including the gelatinase MMP-9. Several studies correlated this antibody-mediated reduction in MMP production with both a significant reduction in in vitro tumour-cell invasion and the inhibition of tumour growth and metastasis in nude mice. Compared with its inhibitory properties, cetuximab immunologic mechanisms have not been extensively studied. Cetuximab may be trigger an ADCC reaction, leading to an indirect antitumour activity by the recruitment of cytotoxic host effector cells such as monocytes and natural-killer cells. Cetuximab ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) activity has been described against several tumour cell lines expressing wild-type or mutant EGFR. (Bruno Vincenzi , Gaia Schiavon, Marianna Silletta, Daniele Santini, Giuseppe Tonini 2008 p. 98) Cetuximab, the medicinal ingredient of Erbitux, is a recombinant, human/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds specifically and with high affinity to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Cetuximab functions as a competitive antagonist that inhibits the binding of ligands to EGFR which results in the inhibition of growth and survival of tumour cells that express EGFR. Cetuximab is produced by recombinant DNA technology in a mouse myeloma derived cell line. The manufacture of cetuximab is based on a master and working cell bank system, where the master and working cell banks have been thoroughly characterized and tested for adventitious contaminants and endogenous viruses in accordance with the ICH guidelines. Results of these tests confirmed cell line identity and absence of adventitious agents/viral contaminants. Genetic characterization (restriction endonuclease mapping and copy number analysis) also demonstrated genetic stability of the master cell bank ranging from storage to production at the limit of in vitro cell age. The manufacture of cetuximab comprises a series of steps which include cell culture, harvest, and purification. The purification is performed via a combination of chromatographic and viral inactivation/removal steps. The consistency of the manufacturing process is ensured through defined production procedures, critical quality tests, in-process limits and cetuximab certificate of analysis specifications. Microbial control is maintained throughout the manufacturing process by testing for bioburden as well as for bacterial endotoxins. In-process controls performed during manufacture were reviewed and are considered acceptable. The specifications for the raw materials used in manufacturing the drug substance are also considered satisfactory. The Erbitux manufacturing process consists of adjusting cetuximab formulated bulk concentration and filling into vials using proper aseptic process techniques, and conventional pharmaceutical equipment and facilities. Erbitux is manufactured within the lab which obeys GMP (Good Manufacturing Practise). One-hundred percent of the patients in the pivotal trial experienced an adverse event (AE). Eighty percent of these were grade 3 or 4 in nature. The most commonly reported AEs in order of frequency were asthenia, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain and acne. Based on the data from this trial, the AE profile of the combination of irinotecan and cetuximab is the aggregate of the AE profile of each individual agent. There was no evidence that the addition of either agent exacerbated the AE profile of the other agent, nor was there any evidence of frequently occurring new AEs. The most common AEs associated with irinotecan were less frequent than in other trials with irinotecan in CRC. Similar results were observed in the non-pivotal studies. (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-ps/prodpharma/sbd-smd/phase1-decision/drug-med/sbd_smd_2007_erbitux_088225-eng.php 2007) The treatment with Erbitux is very expensive and the reason for that is because it is a chimeric monoclonal IgG1 antibody which is produced in a mammalian cell line by recombinant DNA technology which requires cost expensive labour and ingredients. Erbitux is available in injectable form only and contains 5mg/ml solution for infusion. Erbitux is a colourless solution. Cetuximab is available for injections in different vial sizes: vial of 10 ml contains 50 mg cetuximab vial of 20 ml contains 100 mg cetuximab vial of 50 ml contains 250 mg cetuximab vial of 100 ml contains 500 mg cetuximab Cetuximab is used for the treatment on patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing, KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with chemotherapy. It can also be used for the the treatment of patients with quamous cell cancer of the head and neck in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy for recurrent metastatic disease. Patients who receive treatment first time must receive treatment with corticosteroid and antihistamines in order to avoid allergic reaction to the drug and body attacking the drug. It is also recommended to receive treatment with corticosteroids and antihistamines for all subsequent infusions. For all types of treatments Erbitux is administered once per week. The starting dose is 400 mg of cetuximab per m2 body surface area. All subsequent weekly doses are 250 mg cetuximab per m2 each. Cetuximab can be used in patients with colorectal cancer as a single drug or in combination with chemotherapy. For patients with squamous cell cancer of neck and head it is used together with radiation therapy. Allergic skin reactions are very common with Cetuximab patients which occur in more than 80% of patients, the reason for that is because Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody drug. The majority of allergic skin reactions will develop within the first 3 weeks of treatment. These include dry skin, skin rash, eczema, nail disorders, in some severe cases skin necrosis. These skin problems generally resolve once the treatment is ceased. Sometimes Cetuximab can cause skin lesions and patients with sensitive skin may develop superinfections like MRSA, or in other cases cellulites, sepsis, or scalded skin. (http://www.medicines.ie/medicine/12082/SPC/Erbitux+5mg+ml+solution+for+infusion/ 2010) Cetuximab works in many different ways : it inhibits cell cycle progression metastatization and invasion, angiogenesis, increase and activation of pro-apoptotic molecules. When cetuximab is used in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy its effects are synergic. Effectivenes is much higher if when used in combination rather than separately. Cetuximab is relatively new drug and it is not fully understood its working mechanisms and new types of drugs like cetuximab promise effective treatment against cancer.

Love and Loss in Poetry Essay -- First Love Remember Christina Walsh E

Love and Loss in Poetry Q. How do the poets convey their attitudes toward love and loss in the poems ‘ a woman to her lover’ ‘first love’ ‘remember’ and ‘ when we two parted’? The poem ‘ a woman to her lover’ was written by Christina Walsh. The poem starts of with a question, ‘do you come to me to bend me to your will?’ throughout the poem, the basic atmosphere of loss is evident. Within the first stanza itself there is marital imagery relating to the sense of power and dominance. ‘ in drudgery and silence’, she tries to portray how she is helpless to protest, she begins the poem with this relationship, the dominance of man over woman, ‘to make of me a bondslave’ in this stanza she is explaining one of the types of relationships between a man and woman. She also gives out a feeling that if the relationship were as what she described she would be wasting her life, and tries to give out women’s point of view to these types of situations. She seems quite certain of what she wants in life and this does not seem to be it, ‘ if that be what you ask, O Lover I refuse you!’And her point is to prove that if that was the man’s view of the relationship, that it would not be possible to commit to that. In the second stanza she does not keep it as long as the first or any of the others as she does not want to dwell on it. The very idea of the man thinking the woman to be perfect and ‘one from heaven sent’ is what she rejects. When she describes women to be perfect her tone is very mocking. ‘ a wingless angel who can do no wrong’ she tries to convey that that would be someone who would have no freedom. ‘Go’ this implies how she rejects him if he wishes the relationship to be anything like this as well. In th... ...ith silence and tears’ there is a different meaning in this now, they do not understand each other now, but in the beginning they knew each other so well because over the years she has changed so much. The pain and sadness seems to intensify, ‘cold kiss, chill on my brow, knell to my ear’, these are all traditional images of rejected love. The poems octave stanza and regular eight lines, show the continuity of his pain. Throughout all these four poems the poets convey all their attitudes towards love and loss by expressing themselves in situations of love with others, of experiencing it and hence showing reactions and feelings that evolve from certain situations. They show that they feel love is a great thing, and for one to really know the true meaning of love, they need to experience loss and pain the be able to value love to its deserved potential.

Carter’s Economic Policies Led to Savings and Loan Failure

The Savings and Loan crisis of the late 1980’s and early 1990’s cost approximately $160 billion, out of which the American taxpayer shouldered in excess of $120 billion in Government bailout measures. The huge budget deficits that resulted can only be compared to the current global economic crisis. However, the genesis of the S & L crisis can be traced back to the failed economic policies of President Jimmy Carter. When Jimmy Carter took over as president in 1979, he inherited an economy in recession. Oil prices were high, unemployment and incomes were low. In order to stimulate the economy, he proposed to increase government spending and introduce tax cuts, but withdrew the former and vetoed the latter when interest rates continued to rise. Instead, when inflation peaked in 1978, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Paul Volcker, initiated policies to tame inflation by reducing the money supply and increasing interest rates. However, these measures had a negative effect and inflation skyrocketed, unemployment reached 11 percent, accompanied by a prime rate of 21. 5 percent (Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation, 2006). In this climate, the savings and loan institutions could not survive. They were now confronted with asset-liability-mismatches where the costs they were incurring on short term funding were higher than the returns they were getting on fixed-rate-mortgages. Additionally, the passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, introduced risks and opportunities which the S & L’S were not qualified to administer. Inevitably, many S & L’s began to go under. In retrospect, Jimmy Carter’s policies should have focused on lowering interest rates and possibly left the money markets as they were. Read also Analyze the Ways in Which British Imperial Policies References Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation (2006, February). The 1970’s. Retrieved on July 27, 2009 from http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/when/1970s.html

Gender Roles For White And Black - 1020 Words

Imagine yourself, a proud American starting another chapter in life where your desires and aspirations ahead of you. Then all of sudden undergo dizziness and then wakes up to a time in your ancestry encompassing not a pleasing sight. You walk around the new surroundings, seeking for a form of life to tell you where you are. When revealed to you where and WHEN you landed, your heart races and plummets to the floor at the same time. The one word and time where evil stands necessary and idea of dehumanization is afoot. Slavery: a segment in time surrounding bondage of African slaves under the societal and political supremacy of European America. Yet you pull yourself together, try to adapt to the ways of living hoping to go back to the present. As you learn to know your place in race and gender, you start to realize that your life can be at stake. The gender roles for white and black made an impact distinctively to function in a society on the matter assuring right and just. In the 19t h century, America’s antebellum slave society considered toward white Americans as a way of life, but clearly an inhumane society in absolute existence. The existence of the antebellum south. Without no emotional attachments nor spiritual attachments to their children, slavery defined black women as animals. At the same time, slave women suffered more than their opposite sex. For instance, in the book Kindred, as the main character Dana dwells in the past of her ancestors, she develops anShow MoreRelatedToni Morrison s Beloved : Dehumanization Of Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans And Their Basic Forms Of1268 Words   |  6 Pagesmotherhood and gender for black women. Rather than victimize Sethe’s as an enslaved woman, Morrision decides to celebrate her triumphs and suffering in Beloved. Therefore, Sethe’s identity as an enslaved black mother deconstructs the expectations of Eurocentric gender roles with her exertion of independence and control for th e benefit of her children. To understand Sethe’s identity in the novel Beloved, one must acknowledge the intersectionality of her identity of being both black and a woman. KimberleRead MoreHorror Movie : Get Out As A Typical Horror Film1101 Words   |  5 Pagesa horror film. Instead of the classic monster, ghost, goblin or obvious killer, white characters in the film are the monsters. I want to compare Get Out with stereotypical horror films. Get Out is one of the most profound American horror films that sits in a category of its own. The focus on race in the film is horrific for many from both ends. The powerfully blatant gender roles replicate the socialized gender roles that have existed in American society for decades. The movie Get Out is brandedRead MoreHow Has White Patriarchy Affected Black Masculinity?1339 Words   |  6 PagesHurdon 100987702 WGST 2811–A01 Masculinities Essay: How has white patriarchy affected black masculinity? White patriarchy has strongly affected black masculinity in many ways. Historically, as slaves black men were taught that dominance and patriarchal control over women was their right, and an integral part of masculinity.1 Living in white patriarchal society, where powerful white men are the standard of masculinity, many black men may struggle to find an identity which reflects themselves inRead MoreRacial Differences Of Sexual Prejudice And Its Correlation831 Words   |  4 Pagesanti-bullying campaigns have been developed based off this research. Limitations to these studies However, the majority of research investigating this tendency has been conducted in college towns where the majority of participants were predominantly white and college aged. Hardly representationally of the general population! Furthermore, current research has failed to investigate the effects of cultural beliefs and values on an individual’s prejudices. With the increasing numbers of hate crime beingRead MoreQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 PagesInequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. Choose and discuss two theoretical perspectives used to analyze gender inequality 3. Make sure to compare the perspectives and choose which one you align yourself with Kerbo (1994) refer to gender as the socially constructed definition of what it mean to be female or male. Sex and gender are two separate terms. Sex refers to the biological characteristics. However, gender is completely different. Gender is socially constructedRead MoreMat Johnson and Warren Pleece ´s Incognegro: An Analysis939 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween race and gender in the graphic novel Incognegro. 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Women’s studies emerged in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s as a concerned women being misrepresentation and trivialization in the higher education curriculum and as well as being excluded fromRead MoreOne Unaccounted For Factor That Is Impacting The Level1445 Words   |  6 Pagesintersection of race and gender, or rather the dominance that patriarchal and racialized norms have on influencing American’s perceptions of poverty. The majority of the current literature on the subject of American’s support/opposition to economic redistribution tends to focus on identities such as race, class, and gender as separate entities. Applying the theories of hostile/benevolent sexism and racism, I argue that analyzing intersections of identities such as race and gender in conjunction, and asRead MoreEducation and its effect on social hierarchies:1400 Words   |  6 PagesEducation in the South was also deeply rooted in conservative traditions of no common curricula between teachers, â€Å"fixed truths† of antebellum universities that could not be challenged or debated about, and strict social hierarchies and race, class, and gender inequalities. At the turn of the century, the South experienced major reforms in public education such as the standardization of student curriculums, the idea of encouraging students to be engaged in school and try to please their teachers, academicRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The Melting Pot Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesyears after the world war I and II, the country is still struggling with racial prejudice and discrimination. While there are laws that are put into place to protect employees or job applicant against racial biases, racial disc rimination still plays a role in hiring decisions. In today’s world, racial stereotypes and discriminations are becoming less acceptable. Racial discrimination and harassment remain pervasive throughout the workplace, with 40% to 76% of ethnic minority employees experiencing at

Does Religion Have any Relationship with Math - 657 Words

Most people do not see religion and math as having any relationship whatsoever. People just see religion as an idea or superstition that is studied and practiced at church. Math is an intellectual practice, mainly taught at school and most likely never used after school, unless of course, you seek a profession in that field. No one really looks deeper into the â€Å"uncommon† connection between religion and math. Most people don’t know that almost every number has a biblical purpose. Or that soldiers serving in the U.S. Military use numeric connections on playing cards to connect to a story or verse of the bible. Also, natural occurrences, like the amount of time for a child’s birth, have a coincidental comparison to a bible story or belief. It is definitely a subject that’ll grab your attention. Many numbers have some sort of biblical meaning. For example the number one represents a â€Å"beginning†. Like the â€Å"first† of Genesis which ta lks about â€Å"unity†. Unity also has a connection with the number one. The number two means â€Å"difference† or â€Å"division†. Like the division of good and evil, Heaven and Hell, referring to the afterlife. The most obvious connection in the number three is â€Å"The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit†. Verse two of Genesis talks about the story of Abraham seeing three men. Also, it talks about him addressing them three times. In addition, the number three has a strong connection with the resurrection, because Jesus revived on the third after his crucifixion.Show MoreRelatedEternal Knowledge is From God Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesmore and more that there is no absolute truth but I believe that there must be some absolute truth or reality and for me that ultimate truth is God. I will not try to prove the existence of God to anyone and likewise no one can prove to me that God does not exist. There are truths that will change due to different times and places and what we conclude to be true today may not necessarily be true tomorrow. We live our lives base on the reality of today but we are always searching for a betterRead MoreB.1. Video Number 34, Engaging In Meaningful Play And Role1679 Words   |  7 Pagesway the teacher in the video could have brought more cultural diversity into the classroom would be to dress in different professional job attire different days while teaching about many different jobs in the community. The teacher had dress up clothes for the students, but dressing up herself could show the students different clothing different professions wear. Therefore, she could talk to the children about the different uniforms that some professionals have to wear. B.1.b. The teacher in theRead MoreImaginary Audience And Personal Fable1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthat. For example one could say that John has a crush on Betty, that would be a concrete thinker. However, the abstract thinker would be wondering what emotions John is feeling. Is it love, infatuation, and the abstract thinker would speculate on what does love mean. Abstract propositions means to me the ability to play the what if game. The what if game is where one makes up situations and proposes possible outcomes. To me this is an example of abstract propositions. Abstract proposition are the abilityRead MoreWhy Education Is Important For Life After School868 Words   |  4 PagesWhether the students are gifted or have learning disabilities, they should be treated fairly, giving them the accommodations and education they deserve. Teachers cannot make judgments or assumptions and students will not learn if they are being compared to others. Everyone has different abilities and this does not make someone any better or any less than someone else. Good teachers will treat every student with equal respect, no matter the color of their skin, religion, economic status, gender, or sexualRead MoreEssay On Conferences And Conventions1301 Words   |  6 Pages Conferences and Conventions: Religious conferences have been around for a century. It started with camp meetings and Revivals. Twenty to thirty years ago a major exodus took place from mainline denominational churches, which created independent mega churches. A local assembly is considered to be a mega church if it boasts of having 2000 or more members. Of course, when it comes to the statistics you can almost be certain that the math of the head count will be 15 to 25 percent inaccurate leaningRead MoreMy Religious Beliefs1133 Words   |  4 Pagespossibility when making decisions. Every decision of significance I make has been carefully weighed up, and considered objectively. Reasoned. No impulses, and no emotions. Some of these decisions take seconds, others take months. 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Toastmasters International Essay - 1420 Words

Three time bestselling author, Dave Ramsey, has had a lot of practice giving speeches. He has a secret and he is telling anyone that listens. Dave Ramsey has a passion for debt free living and he travels from coast to coast spreading the word. Dave has a huge following and those followers pay a small amount of money to spend the week-end listening to Dave speak about life changing steps you can take to be debt free. At first, the idea of listening to someone speak about money, credit cards, retirement, mortgages, investments and any other financial principles sounds monotonous and rather boring. However, when Dave speaks everyone listens. Dave does not look like a Hollywood star; he is just like any white collar professional. He†¦show more content†¦An otherwise boring topic is full of excitement with the visual aids. You do not have the notoriety of Dave Ramsey and you do not give speeches to thousands of listeners from coast to coast but you do have an important job of giving a presentation to your co-workers and your boss. Can you stand in a small board room and have the large, flashy visual aids? Probably not, but you can have flip charts and technology to help you out. Toastmasters International is a non-profit organization with nearly 250,000 members in 106 countries. Toastmasters meetings are comprised of 20 members who meet weekly to give prepared presentations or impromptu speeches. Each speech and each meeting is critiqued in a positive manner by the other Toastmasters members. Toastmasters teach its members to use visual aids when it is necessary to explain complex information. In a boardroom you will see most often the Power Point presentation or the flip-chart. Power Point is the norm for today’s presentations and can display dramatic visual aids with animation and simu lation. You can prepare the slides in advance and change the visuals with a remote control while walking around the room. It is important to practice your speech with the Power Point and not read each slide to your listeners. As long as you keep your slides simple and not allow them to upstage your speech with too many animations; aShow MoreRelatedEssay On Resume In Aviation Management714 Words   |  3 Pagesthe job in the position of Airport Duty Manager (Operations) at the Spokane International Airport. Dedicated to the advancement of professional skills and career. Committed to the support of the airport values and the highest standards of safety. 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Member: Volunteer Advisory Board, Latin Connection, Asian Connection, Diverse Abilities, Black AA Connection, DFW Green Team Communications Chair, Toastmasters International. †¢ M.B.A., Strategic Leadership, Amberton University SKILLS Vision, Strategy, Execution Strategic Planning Program Development  · Research Analysis Project Management  · Compliance and Brand Standards Management  ·Read MoreOrganizational Style Is Organized And Streamlined Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesResources/Support There are a number of local communication venues which work with individuals to overcome public speaking anxiety. The first and foremost is Toastmasters of Kansas City. Toastmasters meets on a regular basis and provides a â€Å"supportive learn-by-doing environment† to help people become more confident public speakers (International Toastmasters, 2016, para 1). Even more, the website offers public speaking tips, video libraries, educational programs, and peer to peer support. Timeline This willRead MoreBenefits of Speaking Foreign Languages3205 Words   |  13 Pagesforeign languages in school and college , but now still I continue learning new words and expressions , improving my communication opportunities this way .The advantages of speaking English are obvious and undisputable . English is a language of international communication , which is known now all around the world . No matter where you travel to , any continent or country : Germany , China , Ghana or Argentina , you ‘ll be understood if you can speak English . Nowadays , speaking good English is anRead MoreLeadership Styles From The Television1395 Words   |  6 Pagesadmire him. Plan to improve leadership My plan to improve my leadership abilities will include practicing speeches in front of people. I plan to join a Toastmasters International group, which is a group to help develop speaking and leadership skills. 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Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics. Answer: Definition with explanation and examples As per the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics, there are 5 fundamental principles of professional ethics which needs to be followed by the professional accountants, which have been mentioned as below: Integrity: Integrity refers to being straightforward and honest in all the dealings with respect to the business. The information provided should not be misleading such that the business decisions are wrongly taken. Example: Data on employees salary to management for discussion on hike. Objectivity: This infers that the business decisions should not be baised or it should not entertain any conflict of interest. It should not override any business judgements in the long run. Example: The management should take decision for the whole group of shareholders rather than only a particular section of shareholders Confidentiality: This is one of the most important principles and that the confidentiality of the data should not be leaked at any cost. The clients information should not be disclosed to any one or it can be done only at the permission of the client(Dichev, 2017). Examples: The internal policies of one company should not be disclosed to any other company. Professional competence and due care: The professional should provide the best advice and guidance which are as per the currentaccounting law and he should act deligently in accordance with the technical and professional standards. Example: Correct laws should be used for reporting of any company. Professional behaviour: The given professional should act in a legitimate manner and should not indulge in any of the acts which leads to bad name for the profession as a whole(Alexander, 2016). Example: The professional should not override any discrepancy on records due to friendly behaviour by client. Exaplanation to journal entries Below are the explanation given to the journal entries using the concept of reverse engineering: March 1: The company would have received the rent revenue from the client in cash worth 500, therefore, cash has been debited and rent revenue has been credited. March 2: Here, the company would have purchased the stationary worth 700 and would have paid in cash therefore, stationary expenses have been debited and cash has been credited. March 3: Here, the company would have purchased the furniture on credit worth 2000, therefore the furniture being asset has been debited and accounts payable being creditors has been credited. References Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431. Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting.Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632.