Love and Loss in Poetry Essay -- First Love Remember Christina Walsh E

Love and Loss in Poetry Q. How do the poets convey their attitudes toward love and loss in the poems ‘ a woman to her lover’ ‘first love’ ‘remember’ and ‘ when we two parted’? The poem ‘ a woman to her lover’ was written by Christina Walsh. The poem starts of with a question, ‘do you come to me to bend me to your will?’ throughout the poem, the basic atmosphere of loss is evident. Within the first stanza itself there is marital imagery relating to the sense of power and dominance. ‘ in drudgery and silence’, she tries to portray how she is helpless to protest, she begins the poem with this relationship, the dominance of man over woman, ‘to make of me a bondslave’ in this stanza she is explaining one of the types of relationships between a man and woman. She also gives out a feeling that if the relationship were as what she described she would be wasting her life, and tries to give out women’s point of view to these types of situations. She seems quite certain of what she wants in life and this does not seem to be it, ‘ if that be what you ask, O Lover I refuse you!’And her point is to prove that if that was the man’s view of the relationship, that it would not be possible to commit to that. In the second stanza she does not keep it as long as the first or any of the others as she does not want to dwell on it. The very idea of the man thinking the woman to be perfect and ‘one from heaven sent’ is what she rejects. When she describes women to be perfect her tone is very mocking. ‘ a wingless angel who can do no wrong’ she tries to convey that that would be someone who would have no freedom. ‘Go’ this implies how she rejects him if he wishes the relationship to be anything like this as well. In th... ...ith silence and tears’ there is a different meaning in this now, they do not understand each other now, but in the beginning they knew each other so well because over the years she has changed so much. The pain and sadness seems to intensify, ‘cold kiss, chill on my brow, knell to my ear’, these are all traditional images of rejected love. The poems octave stanza and regular eight lines, show the continuity of his pain. Throughout all these four poems the poets convey all their attitudes towards love and loss by expressing themselves in situations of love with others, of experiencing it and hence showing reactions and feelings that evolve from certain situations. They show that they feel love is a great thing, and for one to really know the true meaning of love, they need to experience loss and pain the be able to value love to its deserved potential.

Carter’s Economic Policies Led to Savings and Loan Failure

The Savings and Loan crisis of the late 1980’s and early 1990’s cost approximately $160 billion, out of which the American taxpayer shouldered in excess of $120 billion in Government bailout measures. The huge budget deficits that resulted can only be compared to the current global economic crisis. However, the genesis of the S & L crisis can be traced back to the failed economic policies of President Jimmy Carter. When Jimmy Carter took over as president in 1979, he inherited an economy in recession. Oil prices were high, unemployment and incomes were low. In order to stimulate the economy, he proposed to increase government spending and introduce tax cuts, but withdrew the former and vetoed the latter when interest rates continued to rise. Instead, when inflation peaked in 1978, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Paul Volcker, initiated policies to tame inflation by reducing the money supply and increasing interest rates. However, these measures had a negative effect and inflation skyrocketed, unemployment reached 11 percent, accompanied by a prime rate of 21. 5 percent (Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation, 2006). In this climate, the savings and loan institutions could not survive. They were now confronted with asset-liability-mismatches where the costs they were incurring on short term funding were higher than the returns they were getting on fixed-rate-mortgages. Additionally, the passage of the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, introduced risks and opportunities which the S & L’S were not qualified to administer. Inevitably, many S & L’s began to go under. In retrospect, Jimmy Carter’s policies should have focused on lowering interest rates and possibly left the money markets as they were. Read also Analyze the Ways in Which British Imperial Policies References Federal Deposit Insurance Coorporation (2006, February). The 1970’s. Retrieved on July 27, 2009 from http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/when/1970s.html

Gender Roles For White And Black - 1020 Words

Imagine yourself, a proud American starting another chapter in life where your desires and aspirations ahead of you. Then all of sudden undergo dizziness and then wakes up to a time in your ancestry encompassing not a pleasing sight. You walk around the new surroundings, seeking for a form of life to tell you where you are. When revealed to you where and WHEN you landed, your heart races and plummets to the floor at the same time. The one word and time where evil stands necessary and idea of dehumanization is afoot. Slavery: a segment in time surrounding bondage of African slaves under the societal and political supremacy of European America. Yet you pull yourself together, try to adapt to the ways of living hoping to go back to the present. As you learn to know your place in race and gender, you start to realize that your life can be at stake. The gender roles for white and black made an impact distinctively to function in a society on the matter assuring right and just. In the 19t h century, America’s antebellum slave society considered toward white Americans as a way of life, but clearly an inhumane society in absolute existence. The existence of the antebellum south. Without no emotional attachments nor spiritual attachments to their children, slavery defined black women as animals. At the same time, slave women suffered more than their opposite sex. For instance, in the book Kindred, as the main character Dana dwells in the past of her ancestors, she develops anShow MoreRelatedToni Morrison s Beloved : Dehumanization Of Slavery And Its Effects On African Americans And Their Basic Forms Of1268 Words   |  6 Pagesmotherhood and gender for black women. Rather than victimize Sethe’s as an enslaved woman, Morrision decides to celebrate her triumphs and suffering in Beloved. Therefore, Sethe’s identity as an enslaved black mother deconstructs the expectations of Eurocentric gender roles with her exertion of independence and control for th e benefit of her children. To understand Sethe’s identity in the novel Beloved, one must acknowledge the intersectionality of her identity of being both black and a woman. KimberleRead MoreHorror Movie : Get Out As A Typical Horror Film1101 Words   |  5 Pagesa horror film. Instead of the classic monster, ghost, goblin or obvious killer, white characters in the film are the monsters. I want to compare Get Out with stereotypical horror films. Get Out is one of the most profound American horror films that sits in a category of its own. The focus on race in the film is horrific for many from both ends. The powerfully blatant gender roles replicate the socialized gender roles that have existed in American society for decades. The movie Get Out is brandedRead MoreHow Has White Patriarchy Affected Black Masculinity?1339 Words   |  6 PagesHurdon 100987702 WGST 2811–A01 Masculinities Essay: How has white patriarchy affected black masculinity? White patriarchy has strongly affected black masculinity in many ways. Historically, as slaves black men were taught that dominance and patriarchal control over women was their right, and an integral part of masculinity.1 Living in white patriarchal society, where powerful white men are the standard of masculinity, many black men may struggle to find an identity which reflects themselves inRead MoreRacial Differences Of Sexual Prejudice And Its Correlation831 Words   |  4 Pagesanti-bullying campaigns have been developed based off this research. Limitations to these studies However, the majority of research investigating this tendency has been conducted in college towns where the majority of participants were predominantly white and college aged. Hardly representationally of the general population! Furthermore, current research has failed to investigate the effects of cultural beliefs and values on an individual’s prejudices. With the increasing numbers of hate crime beingRead MoreQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 PagesInequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. Choose and discuss two theoretical perspectives used to analyze gender inequality 3. Make sure to compare the perspectives and choose which one you align yourself with Kerbo (1994) refer to gender as the socially constructed definition of what it mean to be female or male. Sex and gender are two separate terms. Sex refers to the biological characteristics. However, gender is completely different. Gender is socially constructedRead MoreMat Johnson and Warren Pleece ´s Incognegro: An Analysis939 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween race and gender in the graphic novel Incognegro. Johnson argues that, Race doesnt really exist [and] is [nothing] [but] a bunch a rules meant to keep [black] people [at] the bottom (Johnson Pleece 19). One could argue the same thought about gender portrayed in Incognegro. According to World Health Organization, gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. In other words, gender is a sociallyRead MoreEssay about The Facets of Womans Studies783 Words   |  4 PagesWoman’s studies is an interdisciplinary academic fie ld devoted to topics concerning women, gender and feminism; exploring our gender existence, how we perform femininity and masculinity and how this interacts with other aspects of our identities, such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and sexuality. Women’s studies emerged in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s as a concerned women being misrepresentation and trivialization in the higher education curriculum and as well as being excluded fromRead MoreOne Unaccounted For Factor That Is Impacting The Level1445 Words   |  6 Pagesintersection of race and gender, or rather the dominance that patriarchal and racialized norms have on influencing American’s perceptions of poverty. The majority of the current literature on the subject of American’s support/opposition to economic redistribution tends to focus on identities such as race, class, and gender as separate entities. Applying the theories of hostile/benevolent sexism and racism, I argue that analyzing intersections of identities such as race and gender in conjunction, and asRead MoreEducation and its effect on social hierarchies:1400 Words   |  6 PagesEducation in the South was also deeply rooted in conservative traditions of no common curricula between teachers, â€Å"fixed truths† of antebellum universities that could not be challenged or debated about, and strict social hierarchies and race, class, and gender inequalities. At the turn of the century, the South experienced major reforms in public education such as the standardization of student curriculums, the idea of encouraging students to be engaged in school and try to please their teachers, academicRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The Melting Pot Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesyears after the world war I and II, the country is still struggling with racial prejudice and discrimination. While there are laws that are put into place to protect employees or job applicant against racial biases, racial disc rimination still plays a role in hiring decisions. In today’s world, racial stereotypes and discriminations are becoming less acceptable. Racial discrimination and harassment remain pervasive throughout the workplace, with 40% to 76% of ethnic minority employees experiencing at

Does Religion Have any Relationship with Math - 657 Words

Most people do not see religion and math as having any relationship whatsoever. People just see religion as an idea or superstition that is studied and practiced at church. Math is an intellectual practice, mainly taught at school and most likely never used after school, unless of course, you seek a profession in that field. No one really looks deeper into the â€Å"uncommon† connection between religion and math. Most people don’t know that almost every number has a biblical purpose. Or that soldiers serving in the U.S. Military use numeric connections on playing cards to connect to a story or verse of the bible. Also, natural occurrences, like the amount of time for a child’s birth, have a coincidental comparison to a bible story or belief. It is definitely a subject that’ll grab your attention. Many numbers have some sort of biblical meaning. For example the number one represents a â€Å"beginning†. Like the â€Å"first† of Genesis which ta lks about â€Å"unity†. Unity also has a connection with the number one. The number two means â€Å"difference† or â€Å"division†. Like the division of good and evil, Heaven and Hell, referring to the afterlife. The most obvious connection in the number three is â€Å"The Father, The Son, and The Holy Spirit†. Verse two of Genesis talks about the story of Abraham seeing three men. Also, it talks about him addressing them three times. In addition, the number three has a strong connection with the resurrection, because Jesus revived on the third after his crucifixion.Show MoreRelatedEternal Knowledge is From God Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesmore and more that there is no absolute truth but I believe that there must be some absolute truth or reality and for me that ultimate truth is God. I will not try to prove the existence of God to anyone and likewise no one can prove to me that God does not exist. There are truths that will change due to different times and places and what we conclude to be true today may not necessarily be true tomorrow. We live our lives base on the reality of today but we are always searching for a betterRead MoreB.1. Video Number 34, Engaging In Meaningful Play And Role1679 Words   |  7 Pagesway the teacher in the video could have brought more cultural diversity into the classroom would be to dress in different professional job attire different days while teaching about many different jobs in the community. The teacher had dress up clothes for the students, but dressing up herself could show the students different clothing different professions wear. Therefore, she could talk to the children about the different uniforms that some professionals have to wear. B.1.b. The teacher in theRead MoreImaginary Audience And Personal Fable1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthat. For example one could say that John has a crush on Betty, that would be a concrete thinker. However, the abstract thinker would be wondering what emotions John is feeling. Is it love, infatuation, and the abstract thinker would speculate on what does love mean. Abstract propositions means to me the ability to play the what if game. The what if game is where one makes up situations and proposes possible outcomes. To me this is an example of abstract propositions. Abstract proposition are the abilityRead MoreWhy Education Is Important For Life After School868 Words   |  4 PagesWhether the students are gifted or have learning disabilities, they should be treated fairly, giving them the accommodations and education they deserve. Teachers cannot make judgments or assumptions and students will not learn if they are being compared to others. Everyone has different abilities and this does not make someone any better or any less than someone else. Good teachers will treat every student with equal respect, no matter the color of their skin, religion, economic status, gender, or sexualRead MoreEssay On Conferences And Conventions1301 Words   |  6 Pages Conferences and Conventions: Religious conferences have been around for a century. It started with camp meetings and Revivals. Twenty to thirty years ago a major exodus took place from mainline denominational churches, which created independent mega churches. A local assembly is considered to be a mega church if it boasts of having 2000 or more members. Of course, when it comes to the statistics you can almost be certain that the math of the head count will be 15 to 25 percent inaccurate leaningRead MoreMy Religious Beliefs1133 Words   |  4 Pagespossibility when making decisions. Every decision of significance I make has been carefully weighed up, and considered objectively. Reasoned. No impulses, and no emotions. Some of these decisions take seconds, others take months. Some I have yet to solve. Religion has always flummoxed me, I’m a scientist at heart, but I want to believe in a force greater than humanity. I am, currently, an atheist. I believe that The Big Bang was the beginning of our universe, once we die, our bodies will decomposeRead MoreHow Does The Native Peoples Be Taught A New Religion?1675 Words   |  7 PagesFrom what perspective is the document written? How does the source describe native peoples? The perspective in which this document is written is in first person in the view of the Spaniards, and written like it was a letter from multiple people to somebody important. This source shows that the Spaniards thought of the Indians as low class non intelligent pilgrims that needed to be taught a new religion. This is evident when the author says the Indians must be brought to the knowledge of the CatholicRead MoreThe Red Scare By Shianne Campbell1189 Words   |  5 Pagesconflict was many leaders, professors, other teachers, and many other business workers were fired if they were found even with any signs of communism. For that reason, that main cause of the Red Scare was to cause a range of action that had ruin the USA society instead of starting another war (history/red scare.) This nonviolent war, was from the radical relationship that the USA and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) had. With the ending of the World War 2 ,the USA and the USSR( soviets)Read MoreEthan Allen Is Considered By The Founding Fathers Of The State Of Vermont Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the founding fathers of the state of Vermont. He fought and became well known for his efforts during the Revolutionary war as a member of the Green Mountain Boys militia. Not only does he have statues in his honor, but stores have been named after him as well. As strong as he was on his own, he would have been completely different if not for his family. Ethan allen was the fifth generation of the Allen family and one of eight children. Every generation they moved farther into the wildernessRead MoreThe For The Sex Discrimination Act1006 Words   |  5 Pagesthe provision of goods and services, and the disposal of premises have been concerned by the act. There are four different ways of discriminating racially. These are; Indirect Discrimination; this can occur where there is a policy, practice or procedure which applies to all workers, in particular disadvantages people of a certain race .E.g. If GCSE maths was required when applying for ta job, people from other countries may not have GCSE qualifications so they would be discriminated against if equivalent

Toastmasters International Essay - 1420 Words

Three time bestselling author, Dave Ramsey, has had a lot of practice giving speeches. He has a secret and he is telling anyone that listens. Dave Ramsey has a passion for debt free living and he travels from coast to coast spreading the word. Dave has a huge following and those followers pay a small amount of money to spend the week-end listening to Dave speak about life changing steps you can take to be debt free. At first, the idea of listening to someone speak about money, credit cards, retirement, mortgages, investments and any other financial principles sounds monotonous and rather boring. However, when Dave speaks everyone listens. Dave does not look like a Hollywood star; he is just like any white collar professional. He†¦show more content†¦An otherwise boring topic is full of excitement with the visual aids. You do not have the notoriety of Dave Ramsey and you do not give speeches to thousands of listeners from coast to coast but you do have an important job of giving a presentation to your co-workers and your boss. Can you stand in a small board room and have the large, flashy visual aids? Probably not, but you can have flip charts and technology to help you out. Toastmasters International is a non-profit organization with nearly 250,000 members in 106 countries. Toastmasters meetings are comprised of 20 members who meet weekly to give prepared presentations or impromptu speeches. Each speech and each meeting is critiqued in a positive manner by the other Toastmasters members. Toastmasters teach its members to use visual aids when it is necessary to explain complex information. In a boardroom you will see most often the Power Point presentation or the flip-chart. Power Point is the norm for today’s presentations and can display dramatic visual aids with animation and simu lation. You can prepare the slides in advance and change the visuals with a remote control while walking around the room. It is important to practice your speech with the Power Point and not read each slide to your listeners. As long as you keep your slides simple and not allow them to upstage your speech with too many animations; aShow MoreRelatedEssay On Resume In Aviation Management714 Words   |  3 Pagesthe job in the position of Airport Duty Manager (Operations) at the Spokane International Airport. Dedicated to the advancement of professional skills and career. Committed to the support of the airport values and the highest standards of safety. 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Member: Volunteer Advisory Board, Latin Connection, Asian Connection, Diverse Abilities, Black AA Connection, DFW Green Team Communications Chair, Toastmasters International. †¢ M.B.A., Strategic Leadership, Amberton University SKILLS Vision, Strategy, Execution Strategic Planning Program Development  · Research Analysis Project Management  · Compliance and Brand Standards Management  ·Read MoreOrganizational Style Is Organized And Streamlined Essay1359 Words   |  6 PagesResources/Support There are a number of local communication venues which work with individuals to overcome public speaking anxiety. The first and foremost is Toastmasters of Kansas City. Toastmasters meets on a regular basis and provides a â€Å"supportive learn-by-doing environment† to help people become more confident public speakers (International Toastmasters, 2016, para 1). Even more, the website offers public speaking tips, video libraries, educational programs, and peer to peer support. 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During my professional experiences I frequently provided written materials on account/project status to necessary stakeholders and verbally led account/project status meetings. I’m also a member of Toastmasters International. Toastmasters International is a nonprofit educational organization that operates clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their communication, public speaking, and l eadership skills. *8. Describe and rate your proficiency (beginnerRead MoreSupervisory Roles And Theories Of Motivation1370 Words   |  6 Pagesby principles of motivation. Principles of Motivation â€Å"Motivating others is not an easy task, but if you gain an understanding of what motivates team members, you can apply proven principles and techniques to inspire those around you† (Toastmasters International, 2014). The Human Resource model is a great example of how principles of motivation can be applied within an organization. â€Å"Empowerment-oriented organizations promote the use of team building and collaboration among staff members† (LewisRead MoreProvide Leadership Across The Organization1279 Words   |  6 Pagesbooks on presentation skills. restaurant manager After reading the books, I will measure my knowledge on more advanced presentation techniques. 3 weeks Join Toastmasters International to frequently practice my newly acquired presentation skills. restaurant owner I will measure progress by soliciting feedback from other Toastmaster participates; pursue certification. 4 weeks Seek out new opportunities to present information and reports in a team setting. gourmet food edit and writer Read MoreThe Monk Who Sold His Ferrari1242 Words   |  5 PagesMonk Who Sold His Ferrari, which has sold 5 million copies. Sharma is the founder of a business training firm called Sharma Leadership International Inc. located in Toronto, Canada. Sharma is a leadership expert who was ranked in the top 10 worldwide and was given the Golden Gavel award by Toastmasters International in the year 2011.He was ranked 7th on the International Leadership Professional Gurus list in 2012.and has appeared on numerous television and radio programs. â€Å"He conducts training programmes

Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics. Answer: Definition with explanation and examples As per the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants Code of Ethics, there are 5 fundamental principles of professional ethics which needs to be followed by the professional accountants, which have been mentioned as below: Integrity: Integrity refers to being straightforward and honest in all the dealings with respect to the business. The information provided should not be misleading such that the business decisions are wrongly taken. Example: Data on employees salary to management for discussion on hike. Objectivity: This infers that the business decisions should not be baised or it should not entertain any conflict of interest. It should not override any business judgements in the long run. Example: The management should take decision for the whole group of shareholders rather than only a particular section of shareholders Confidentiality: This is one of the most important principles and that the confidentiality of the data should not be leaked at any cost. The clients information should not be disclosed to any one or it can be done only at the permission of the client(Dichev, 2017). Examples: The internal policies of one company should not be disclosed to any other company. Professional competence and due care: The professional should provide the best advice and guidance which are as per the currentaccounting law and he should act deligently in accordance with the technical and professional standards. Example: Correct laws should be used for reporting of any company. Professional behaviour: The given professional should act in a legitimate manner and should not indulge in any of the acts which leads to bad name for the profession as a whole(Alexander, 2016). Example: The professional should not override any discrepancy on records due to friendly behaviour by client. Exaplanation to journal entries Below are the explanation given to the journal entries using the concept of reverse engineering: March 1: The company would have received the rent revenue from the client in cash worth 500, therefore, cash has been debited and rent revenue has been credited. March 2: Here, the company would have purchased the stationary worth 700 and would have paid in cash therefore, stationary expenses have been debited and cash has been credited. March 3: Here, the company would have purchased the furniture on credit worth 2000, therefore the furniture being asset has been debited and accounts payable being creditors has been credited. References Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431. Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting.Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632.

Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay Example

Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay TraditionalSanjeev Rana Knitwear Department, National Institute of Fashion Technology Abstract Manipur is one of the richest states in plant biodiversity in the North Eastern states of India. Different ethnic groups, residing in Manipur before the introduction of the chemical dyes into the state, used the dyes extracted from the plants. Women in Manipur practice dyeing using varieties of plant leaves, flowers and tree barks. The natural dyes were obtained from plants and have been used by weavers for imparting different shades of color to different clothes, bamboo baskets, flowerpots, fishing nets, etc. There are more than 50 plants species in Manipur, which are used as dyes right from ancient times, before chemical dyes were introduced in the state. This review is an attempt to describe the dyes extracted from plants by the Meitei Community of Manipur. The traditional methods of extraction as well as the plant parts used in the extraction have also been mentioned briefly. These locally extracted dyes are still used for dyeing of handloom products of the state, which are famous all over the world for their indigenous designs and quality. MANIPUR Manipur is one of the state of the eight sister states of northeast India. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 23Â °83’N 25Â °68’N and longitude of 93Â °03’E 94Â °78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22327 sq. km and the total population of the state is 22,93,896 [4]. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the South, Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Myanmar in the east. The state has its own emblem, bird and animal. The State Emblem is Kangla Sha. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The State Bird is Nongin and the State Animal is Sangai [4]. [pic] Fig. 1. Location map of Manipur 1. Dye Yielding Plants The process of dyeing was started during the reign of King Taothing-Mang (264- 364 AD). The system of dyeing progressed during the reign of King Yanglao Keiphaba (969-984 AD), who introduced the beautiful textile Hij Mayek (later known as Hijam mayek) colourfully dyed, and worn by the women folk of Manipur. Some plants, which were used by the people of Manipur for dyeing are: Table 1 |S. No. Scientific name |Local name |Description |Use | | | | |A middle-sized tree with brown bark. It is a rare plant | | |1. |Acacia catechu Wild |Kabokhajee |occurring wild along the border with Myanmar. A fast |Preparation of local | | |(Mimosaceae) [1]. | |reddish black dye is obtained from the heartwood of the |inks and dyeing cotton| | | | |plant by boiling in water. Small chips of the heartwood |fabrics. | | | | |are boiled in water for about one hour. Then the dye is | | | | | |concentrated by evaporation in iron vessels. | | | | | | |Used as adhesive for | |2. |Achyranthes aspera Linn. |Khujumpere |Whole plant is first ried, burnt to ashes and is mixed |various colors and | | |(Amaranthaceae) [2]. | |with water. This dye is |making the color | | | | | |brighter. | | | | |A middle-sized evergreen tree found wild in Tamenglong | | |3. |Amoora spectabilis Miq. |Oongang |district. As the local name suggests, a pale scarlet |Used for dyeing cotton| | |(Meliaceae) [1]. | |color is obtained from the hardwood by boiling in water. |fabrics. | | | | |Acids and alkalies are added before use. | | | | | |A slender tall palm with annulated stems. Commonly | | |4. |Areca catechu Linn |Kwa pambi |cultivated in the Jiribam sub-division. A copper red dye |Used for Painting | | |(Arecaceae) [1]. | |is obtained from the nuts. The crushed nuts are mixed | | | | | |with water and allowed to stand for a few hours. On | | | | | |adding lime, a copper red dye is obtained. | | | | | | | | |5. Averrhoea carambela Linn. |Rupuan thai | |Used as a good | | |(Oxalidaceae) [2] | |Mature fruits are taken and its juice is squeezed into |adhesive to the | | | | |the water containing tub. |Ureirom (Bixa | | | | | |orellana) dye. | | | | | | | | | |A wild, glabrous twinning herb of common occurrence. A | | |6. |Basella alba Linn |Uroksumbal |deep purple color is obtained from the ripe fruits of |Used for dyeing | | |(Basellaceae) [1]. | |this plant. Different colors can also be obtained from |fabrics and in | | | | |the leaves and stems. The dye is generally extracted with|painting. | | | | |water. | | | | | |A moderately sized deciduous tree, commonly found in the | | |7. |Bauhinia purpurea Linn |Chingthrao |Manipur Valley, sometimes cultivated for the beautiful |Used for Painting | | |(Caesalpiniaceae) [1]. |angangba |flowers. A rose-purple dye is obtained from the fresh | | | | | |flowers. The fresh petals are directly applied on the | | | | | |cloth or surface to be colored. | | | | | |A shrub of very rare occurrence. Grows wild in Ukhrul | | |8. |Berberis manipurana Ahr |Oonapu |district. As the local name suggests, a beautiful yellow |Used for dyeing | | |(Berberidaceae) [1]. |dye is obtained from the stem and roots by boiling in |mulberry silk | | | | |water. Acids and alkalis can be added for concentrating |fabrics(locally known | | | | |the dye. |as Kabrang). | | | | | | | |9. |Bixa orellana Linn |Ureirom |A small evergreen tree, commonly cultivated in the |Used for dyeing | | |(Bixaceae) [1]. |homestead compounds. A pale red dye is obtained from the |locally made cotton | | | | |arils of the seed. The seeds are soaked in cold water to |towels and | | | | |extract the dye. |loin-clothes and also | | | | | |in painting. | | | | |A branched annual herb, commonly cultivated during the | | |10. Carthamus tinctorius Linn |Kushum lei |summer season. Either a golden yel low dye (locally known |Used for dyeing of | | |(Asteraceae)[1]. | |as Sana Phige Machu) or a pink red dye can be extracted |cotton and silk | | | | |from the flowers using different extraction techniques. |clothes and also in | | | | |The fresh petals are wrapped with the leaves of |painting | | | | |Stachyphrynium imbricatum (Roxb. K. Schum. (Local | | | | | |name-Leihoura) and then allowed to ferment for a few | | | | | |days. The fermented petals are mixed with water and | | | | | |filtered. The yellow dye so obtained is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. Addition of common salts results in a golden | | | | | |yellow dye, while a pink red dye can be obtained by | | | | | |adding alkalies obtained from the ashes of Achyranthes | | | | | |aspera Linn. (Local name-Khujum pere). The flowers are | | | | | |offered to God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |11. |Celosia argentea Linn |Haorei angangba |An erect glabrous annual, commonly cultivated in the |Used for painting. | | |(Amaranthaceae) [1]. | |gardens throughout the state. A pink red dye is obtained | | | | | |from the flowers. | | | | | |An annual climber, commonly cultivated for the flowers in| | |12. Clitoria ternatea Linn |Aprajita |the Manipur Valley. A blue dye is obtained from the dried|Used only for | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The dried petals are powdered and then mixed |painting. | | | | |with cold water. The mixture is allowed to stand for 3-4 | | | | | |hr and filtered. | | | | | |A glabrous shrub of common occurrence in wastelands and | | |13. Clerodendrum bracteatum |Kuthap |river banks throughout the state. A pale green dye is |Used for painting. | | |Wall. Ex Walp. | |obtained from the leaves. The fresh leaves are crushed | | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. | |and boiled in water until the dye is fairly concentrated. | | | | | |After cooling, acidic dye mordants are added before use. | | | | |A middle sized deciduous tree, grows wild in Tamenglong | | |14. |Cordia grandis Forst |Lamuk |district. A black dye is obtained from the fruit and bark|Used for painting. | | |(Boraginaceae) [1]. | |of this plant. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | | | | |An annual with rhizomatous underground stem, cultivated | | |15. Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yaingang |throughout the state. A golden yellow dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |(Zingiberaceae) [1]. | |from the underground rhizomes. The dye can be extracted |painting. | | | | |either in hot or cold water containing ashes extracted by| | | | | |burning Zanthoxylum acanth opodium DC. (Local name- | | | | | |Mukthrubi). By adding lime water or alkalies, a brick red| | | | | |dye could also be obtained. | | | | | |A leafless, twinning parasite, commonly found in the | | |16. |Cuscuta reflexa Roxb |Uri napu |Manipur Valley. A yellow dye from the whole plant by |Used for dyeing of | | |(Cuscutaceae) [1]. | |crushing in cold water. cotton clothes and in | | | | | |painting. | | | | |A tall tree of common occurrence along the Indo- Myanmar | | |17. |Dipterocarpus turbinatus |Yangou |border at Moreh and Lokchao. A whitish dye is obtained |Used for painting. | | |Gaertn. f. | |from the wood by boiling in water. The same dye could | | | |(Dipterocarpaceae) [1]. |also be obtained from the sap of the plant. | | | | | |A small deciduous tree, very common in the hills of | | |18. |Emblica officinalis Gaertn |Heigru |Manipur. A reddish black dye is obtained from the bark |Used for dyeing of | | |(Euphorbiaceae) [1]. | |and fruits. The dye is extracted by crushing the bark or |fishing nets. | | | | |fruits in col d water and allowed to stand for 48 hrs. The| | | | | |dye is concentrated by boiling and adding common salt. | | | | | |A deciduous tree with strong incurved prickles, common in| | |19. |Erythrina stricta Roxb |Kurao angangba |the Manipur valley and sometimes planted in the homestead|Used for painting. | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |compounds. A coral red dye is obtained from the dried | | | | | |flowers. The dried and powdered flowers are added to | | | | | |sufficient amount of cold water and allowed to stand for | | | | | |a few hours. Slake lime and common salts are added as | | | | | |mordants | | | | | | | | |20. Garcinia xanthochymus |Puangthai |Fruits are cut into pieces and soaked in water or cut |Used as adhesive to | | |Hook. f. | |pieces are taken in a clean piece of cloth and squeezed |different dyes. | | |(Guttiferae/Clusiaceae) [2]| |into the water. The prepared liquid is | | | | | |A large shrub, commonly cultivated in the gardens | | |21. |Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn|Juba kushum |throughout the state. A red dye obtained from the fresh |Used for painting | | |(Malvaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The petals are is directly applied to the | | | | | |surface to be colored. In ancient times, the petals were | | | | | |rubbed on the pages of hand written books to protect them| | | | | |from insects. | | | | |A large clumped herb, grows wild in marshy places | | |22. |Iris bakeri Wall |Kombirei |particularly at Lamphel. A deep blue color is obtained |Used for painting. | | |(Iridaceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The flowers are also offered to | | | | | |God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |23. |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. )|Yachubi | |Practiced by different| | |M. A. Rau (Rubiaceae) [2] | |Leaves are chewed by the children to color their teeth |ethnic groups of | | | | |(greenish/brownish). |people of the state | | |Mallotus philippensis | |A small evergreen tree grows wild throughout the valley. | |24. |Muell-Arg (Euphorbiaceae) |Ureirom laba |A crimson red dye is obtained from the fruits. The sun |Used for dyeing silk | | |[1]. | |dried fruits are soaked in cold water to extract the dye. |fabrics. | | | | |A large deciduous tree with very stout branches. A rare | | |25. |Melanorrhoea usitata Wall |Kheu |plant available only in Manipur along the border with |Used for dyeing and | | |(Anacardiaceae) [1]. |Myanmar. An oily blackish dye is obtained from the wood |painting. | | | | |and roots. The crushed and cut plant parts are boiled in | | | | | |water for about25 minutes and cooled down. Acidic dye | | | | | |mordants and common salts are to be added for | | | | | |concentrating the dye. | | | | |A weak, erect under shrub, very common in the hills | | |26. |Osbeckia chinensis Linn |Yachubi |surrounding Manipur Valley. A violet dye is obtained from|Used in olden days for| | |(Melastomataceae) [1]. | |the fruits. The crushed fruits are soaked in local made |coloring teeth. | | | | |wine or country liquor for best results. | | | | |A medium- sized, unarmed tree with spreading branches, | | |27. |Parkia timoriana |Yongchak |very common throughout the state. Also extensively |The filtrate is used | | |(A. DC. )Merr. (Mimosaceae) | |cultivated for the edible fruits. A reddish dye is |for dyeing all types | | |[1]. | |obtained from the stem and fruits. Pieces of stem and |of fishing nets | | | | |outer green covers of the fruits are soaked in cold water| | | | | |in earthen vessels for 24 hrs. The people of the state | | | | | |use the fruits as delicious food item during winter | | | | | |season. | | | | |A large evergreen tree common in the hills of Manipur. A | | |28. |Pasania pachyphylla (Kurz. )|Kuhi |reddish dye is obtained from the bark. Fresh bark pieces |Used for dyeing | | |Scott (Fagaceae) [1]. | |are soaked in cold water for about 48 hrs. Acidic dye |fishing nets and | | | | |mordants are added before use. cotton fabrics. | | | | |A climber with cordate, elliptic leaves, cultivated | | |29. |Piper betle Linn |Pana mana/Kwa mana|mainly in the Jiribam sub-division. A deep reddish dye is|Used for painting. | | |(Piperaceae) [1]. | |obtained by crushing the fresh leaves along with the | | | | | |seeds of Areca catechu Linn. and lime in cold water. | | | | | | | |30. |Plumbago indica Linn. |Mukaklei |Flowers are collected in large amount and its petals are |Used for dyeing fabric| | |(Plumbaginaceae) [2]. | |crushed and soaked in water. Clothes or yarn threads |and yarn. | | | | |dipped into this liquid acquire pale red color. This is | | | | | |not regularly used, since it involves collection of large| | | | | |amount of flowers. | | | | | | | | |31. |Polygonum chinense Linn. |Angom Yensil |Crushed whole plant is soaked in water for 2-3 days and |It is used as adhesive| | |(Polygonaceae) [2]. | |the liquid is used as dye. |for dark color. | | | |A reddish brown dye is obtained from the young fruits. | | |32. |Psidium guajava Linn |Pungdon |The dye is extracted by crushing the fruit in cold water. |Used for painting. | | |(Myrtaceae) [1]. | | | | | | | |A shrub with 4-angled branches, cultivated in the | | |33. |Punica granatum Linn |Kaphoi |homestead compounds in the valley areas. Pieces of the |Used for dyeing | | |(Punicaceae) [1]. | |fruit after removal of the seeds are soaked in cold water|fishing nets. | | | | |to extract the dye. | | | | | |The bark is cut into pieces and soaked in a pitcher | | |34. |Quercus dealbata (Fagaceae)|Shahi |containing water. This plant is used as a substitute for |Used for dyeing of | | |[2]. | |kuhi (Quercus spp. plant. The dye obtained from this |cloths and yarn. | | | | |plant is considered inferior to the ‘kuhi’ dye. | | | | | |A climber with quadrangular stem, grows wild in the | | |35. |Rubia cordifolia Linn |Moyum pambi |forests adjoining Myanmar. A beautiful deep pink dye is |Used for dyeing and | | |(Rubiaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the stem and roots of this plant. The dye |painting. | | | |is extracted by crushing the roots or stem in cold water. | | | | | |Acidic dye mordants are added before dyeing. | | | | | |A much branched, armed shrub, found wild in the | | |36. |Solanum ferox Linn |Khamu |wastel ands and forests. A deep chocolate colored dye is |Used only for printing| | |(Solanaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the mature fruits. The fruits are crushed |of designs and | | | | |and soaked in water for 3 hrs. An equal volume of the |patterns on cotton | | | | |juice extracted from Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Local name|and silk fabrics. | | | | |– Khujum pere) is added to the fruit extract. After | | | | | |adding alkalies, the extract is concentrated by boiling. | | | | |A glabrous shrub often cultivated for the dye in the | | |37. |Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) |Kum |Manipur valley. Brilliant blue and black dyes are |Dyes extracted are | | |Imlay syn. S. | |obtained from the leaves and stem of this plant. Both |most popularly used | | |flaccidifolius Nees | |fresh and dry plant parts can be used for the extraction. |for dyeing of costly | | |(Acanthaceae) [1]. |According to the choice of |loin clothes(locally | | | | |color, the dye is extracted by different methods such as |known as Phanek Mayek | | | | |crushing with water, by fermentation or by boiling. For |Naiba(Kumjingbi, Kum | | | | |extracting blue dye, the fresh leaves are soaked in cold |luppi and Higok | | | | |water for 3 days in airtight earthen vessels. The dye is |kumballei)) of the | | | | |then concentrated by boiling after the addition of common|womenfolk of the | | | | |salts. For black dye, air dried leaves are pounded in a |state. | | | | |mortar and then fermented in airtight earthen vessels for| | | | | |3 days. After adding dye mordants, the extract is | | | | | |concentrated by boiling. | | | | | |An annual, cultivated throughout the state for the | | |38. |Tagetes patula Linn |Sanarei |variously colored flowers. The dye is generally extracted|Used in painting. | | |(Asteraceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The color of the dye depends upon| | | | | |the color of the flowers but generally yellow and golden | | | | | |yellow dyes are extracted. | | | | | |A large tree found in the forests along the border with | | |39. |Tectona grandis Linn. F. |Chingshu |Myanmar, sometimes cultivated. A maroon colored dye is |Used for painting. | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. |obtained from the leaves while a deep brownish color is | | | | | |obtained from the barks. Either the bark or leaves are | | | | | |first crushed and then soaked in water for 2 hrs. After | | | | | |adding acids or alkalies, the dye is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. | | | | |A large deciduous tree, grows wild in the Barak Drainage | | |40. |Terminalia citrine Roxb. Ex|Manahee |forest, sometimes cultivated. A blackish dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |Flem (Combretaceae) [1]. | |from the bark. The dye is extracted just by soaking or |painting. | | | | |boiling the bark in water. | | | | | |An quatic perennial herb. Common in marshy areas and | | |41. |Zizania caduciflora |Ishing Kambong |lakes. A black dye is obtained from the culms infected by|Used for dyeing and | | |Hand. -Mazz (Poaceae) [1]. | |a fungus, Melanopsichium |painting. | | | | |esculentum P. Hen. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | Besides the above mentioned 41 species, there are several other plants such as Cascabela thevetia (Linn. Lippold (Local name-Utonglei), Datura stramonium Linn. (Local name-Sangoidak amuba), Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Local name-Khujang), Indigofera tinctoria Linn. (Local name-Neem macha), Ipomoea quamoclit Linn. (Local name-Nunggarei angangba), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Local name-Thambal) and Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (Local name-Tharo) which are used for the extraction of dyes [1]. 2. Plants used as source of Alkaline Dye Mordants The people of the state also use several plants species as mordant for dyes. These alkaline dye mordants are extracted from the fresh plants or from the ashes of the plant after burning. The ashes are added to water and then filtered. The filtrate is used as alkaline dye mordants. Some of the plants, which are used as alkaline dye mordants, are: Table 2 | Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | | |Khujum pere | |Achyranthes aspera Linn [1]. Amaranthaceae | | | |Araceae |Hongu | |Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Pullei | |Alpinia nigra (Gaertn. ) Burtt [1]. | | | |Asteraceae |Uchi sumbal | |Eclipta prostrata Linn [1]. | | | | |Moraceae |Ashi heibong | |Ficus hispida Linn. f. 1] | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Ingenllei | |Hedychium marginatum C. B. Cl [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Loklei | |Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd [1]. | | | |Musaceae |Laphu | |Musa paradisiaca Linn [1]. | | | | |Solanaceae |Hidak mana | |Nicotiana tabacum Linn [1]. | | | |Papilionaceae |Hawai tharak | |Pisum sativum Linn [1]. | | | 3. Plants used as source of Acidic Dye M ordants Several acidic fruits have also been used a sources of acidic dye mordants. The choice of fruit depends upon the colour of the dye. Some of the commonly used acidic fruits are: Table 3 |Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | |Bromeliaceae |Kihom | |Ananas comosus (Linn. )Merr [1]. | | | |Averrhoa carambola Linn [1]. Averrhoaceae |Heinoujom | | |Rutaceae |Heiribob | |Citrus latipes (Swingle) Tanaka [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Champra | |Citrus limon (Linn. ) Burm. . [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Heijang | |Citrus medica Linn [1]. | | | | |Euphorbiaceae |Heigru | |Emblica officinalis Gaertn [1]. | | | |Clusiaceae |Heibung | |Garcinia pedunculata Roxb [1]. | | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heinou | |Mangifera indica Linn [1]. | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heimang | |Rhus hookeri Sahni Bahadur [1] | | | Table 4: Different plants give different shades of color. Ten species are mainly used as main dye | S. No. |Plant |Colour | | |Bixa orellana Linn. Red | |1 | | | | |Carthamus tinctorius Linn. |Pink | |2 | | | |3 |Clerodendrum odoratum D. Don |Green | | |Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yellow | |4 | | | | |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. M. A. Rau |Green | |5 | | | | |Parkia roxburghii G. Don |Brown | |6 | | | | |Pasania pachyphylla |Dark Brown, Black | |7 | | | | |Plumbago indica Linn. Red | |8 | | | | |Quercus dealbata |Brown | |9 | | | |Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees |Black | |10 | | | | |Tectona grandis Linn. f. |Red | |11 | | | CONCLUSION From the above account, it can be observed that people of Manipur, still extensively use dyes extracted from plants for dyeing of their handloom products. Some of these dyes are also used in fine arts. So far no systematic investigation was carried out to catalog all the dye yielding plants of the state. The specialty of these locally extracted plant dyes is that the synthetic dyes cannot match the particular hue and chroma of these dyes. The people of Manipur can produce these dyes in large scale, commercially by opening factories and can compete with chemical dyes, which are harmful from environmental point of view. To create awareness of availability and promotion of fabrics items created with natural dyes, suitable promotion and publicity need to be launched. In order to revive the art and to promote the use of natural dyes, it is essential that research and development work on such dyes be placed on an organized footing. It can, thus, be concluded that the study will serve as a source for socio-environmental development of the people of Manipur in particular and for the Nation in general. REFERENCES . H Manoranjan Sharma et all (A Radhapyari Devi and B Manihar Sharma), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 42 2. G Akimpou et all (K Rongmei and P S Yadava), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 34 3. Lunalisa Potsangbam et all (Swapana Ningombam Warjeet S Laitonjam), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 7(1), January 2008, 142 4. http://www. manipuronline. in/Profile/Geography/ (accessed on 2nd December 2010) Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay Example Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur Essay TraditionalSanjeev Rana Knitwear Department, National Institute of Fashion Technology Abstract Manipur is one of the richest states in plant biodiversity in the North Eastern states of India. Different ethnic groups, residing in Manipur before the introduction of the chemical dyes into the state, used the dyes extracted from the plants. Women in Manipur practice dyeing using varieties of plant leaves, flowers and tree barks. The natural dyes were obtained from plants and have been used by weavers for imparting different shades of color to different clothes, bamboo baskets, flowerpots, fishing nets, etc. There are more than 50 plants species in Manipur, which are used as dyes right from ancient times, before chemical dyes were introduced in the state. This review is an attempt to describe the dyes extracted from plants by the Meitei Community of Manipur. The traditional methods of extraction as well as the plant parts used in the extraction have also been mentioned briefly. These locally extracted dyes are still used for dyeing of handloom products of the state, which are famous all over the world for their indigenous designs and quality. MANIPUR Manipur is one of the state of the eight sister states of northeast India. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 23Â °83’N 25Â °68’N and longitude of 93Â °03’E 94Â °78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22327 sq. km and the total population of the state is 22,93,896 [4]. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the North, Mizoram in the South, Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Myanmar in the east. The state has its own emblem, bird and animal. The State Emblem is Kangla Sha. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Dye Plants of Manipur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The State Bird is Nongin and the State Animal is Sangai [4]. [pic] Fig. 1. Location map of Manipur 1. Dye Yielding Plants The process of dyeing was started during the reign of King Taothing-Mang (264- 364 AD). The system of dyeing progressed during the reign of King Yanglao Keiphaba (969-984 AD), who introduced the beautiful textile Hij Mayek (later known as Hijam mayek) colourfully dyed, and worn by the women folk of Manipur. Some plants, which were used by the people of Manipur for dyeing are: Table 1 |S. No. Scientific name |Local name |Description |Use | | | | |A middle-sized tree with brown bark. It is a rare plant | | |1. |Acacia catechu Wild |Kabokhajee |occurring wild along the border with Myanmar. A fast |Preparation of local | | |(Mimosaceae) [1]. | |reddish black dye is obtained from the heartwood of the |inks and dyeing cotton| | | | |plant by boiling in water. Small chips of the heartwood |fabrics. | | | | |are boiled in water for about one hour. Then the dye is | | | | | |concentrated by evaporation in iron vessels. | | | | | | |Used as adhesive for | |2. |Achyranthes aspera Linn. |Khujumpere |Whole plant is first ried, burnt to ashes and is mixed |various colors and | | |(Amaranthaceae) [2]. | |with water. This dye is |making the color | | | | | |brighter. | | | | |A middle-sized evergreen tree found wild in Tamenglong | | |3. |Amoora spectabilis Miq. |Oongang |district. As the local name suggests, a pale scarlet |Used for dyeing cotton| | |(Meliaceae) [1]. | |color is obtained from the hardwood by boiling in water. |fabrics. | | | | |Acids and alkalies are added before use. | | | | | |A slender tall palm with annulated stems. Commonly | | |4. |Areca catechu Linn |Kwa pambi |cultivated in the Jiribam sub-division. A copper red dye |Used for Painting | | |(Arecaceae) [1]. | |is obtained from the nuts. The crushed nuts are mixed | | | | | |with water and allowed to stand for a few hours. On | | | | | |adding lime, a copper red dye is obtained. | | | | | | | | |5. Averrhoea carambela Linn. |Rupuan thai | |Used as a good | | |(Oxalidaceae) [2] | |Mature fruits are taken and its juice is squeezed into |adhesive to the | | | | |the water containing tub. |Ureirom (Bixa | | | | | |orellana) dye. | | | | | | | | | |A wild, glabrous twinning herb of common occurrence. A | | |6. |Basella alba Linn |Uroksumbal |deep purple color is obtained from the ripe fruits of |Used for dyeing | | |(Basellaceae) [1]. | |this plant. Different colors can also be obtained from |fabrics and in | | | | |the leaves and stems. The dye is generally extracted with|painting. | | | | |water. | | | | | |A moderately sized deciduous tree, commonly found in the | | |7. |Bauhinia purpurea Linn |Chingthrao |Manipur Valley, sometimes cultivated for the beautiful |Used for Painting | | |(Caesalpiniaceae) [1]. |angangba |flowers. A rose-purple dye is obtained from the fresh | | | | | |flowers. The fresh petals are directly applied on the | | | | | |cloth or surface to be colored. | | | | | |A shrub of very rare occurrence. Grows wild in Ukhrul | | |8. |Berberis manipurana Ahr |Oonapu |district. As the local name suggests, a beautiful yellow |Used for dyeing | | |(Berberidaceae) [1]. |dye is obtained from the stem and roots by boiling in |mulberry silk | | | | |water. Acids and alkalis can be added for concentrating |fabrics(locally known | | | | |the dye. |as Kabrang). | | | | | | | |9. |Bixa orellana Linn |Ureirom |A small evergreen tree, commonly cultivated in the |Used for dyeing | | |(Bixaceae) [1]. |homestead compounds. A pale red dye is obtained from the |locally made cotton | | | | |arils of the seed. The seeds are soaked in cold water to |towels and | | | | |extract the dye. |loin-clothes and also | | | | | |in painting. | | | | |A branched annual herb, commonly cultivated during the | | |10. Carthamus tinctorius Linn |Kushum lei |summer season. Either a golden yel low dye (locally known |Used for dyeing of | | |(Asteraceae)[1]. | |as Sana Phige Machu) or a pink red dye can be extracted |cotton and silk | | | | |from the flowers using different extraction techniques. |clothes and also in | | | | |The fresh petals are wrapped with the leaves of |painting | | | | |Stachyphrynium imbricatum (Roxb. K. Schum. (Local | | | | | |name-Leihoura) and then allowed to ferment for a few | | | | | |days. The fermented petals are mixed with water and | | | | | |filtered. The yellow dye so obtained is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. Addition of common salts results in a golden | | | | | |yellow dye, while a pink red dye can be obtained by | | | | | |adding alkalies obtained from the ashes of Achyranthes | | | | | |aspera Linn. (Local name-Khujum pere). The flowers are | | | | | |offered to God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |11. |Celosia argentea Linn |Haorei angangba |An erect glabrous annual, commonly cultivated in the |Used for painting. | | |(Amaranthaceae) [1]. | |gardens throughout the state. A pink red dye is obtained | | | | | |from the flowers. | | | | | |An annual climber, commonly cultivated for the flowers in| | |12. Clitoria ternatea Linn |Aprajita |the Manipur Valley. A blue dye is obtained from the dried|Used only for | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The dried petals are powdered and then mixed |painting. | | | | |with cold water. The mixture is allowed to stand for 3-4 | | | | | |hr and filtered. | | | | | |A glabrous shrub of common occurrence in wastelands and | | |13. Clerodendrum bracteatum |Kuthap |river banks throughout the state. A pale green dye is |Used for painting. | | |Wall. Ex Walp. | |obtained from the leaves. The fresh leaves are crushed | | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. | |and boiled in water until the dye is fairly concentrated. | | | | | |After cooling, acidic dye mordants are added before use. | | | | |A middle sized deciduous tree, grows wild in Tamenglong | | |14. |Cordia grandis Forst |Lamuk |district. A black dye is obtained from the fruit and bark|Used for painting. | | |(Boraginaceae) [1]. | |of this plant. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | | | | |An annual with rhizomatous underground stem, cultivated | | |15. Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yaingang |throughout the state. A golden yellow dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |(Zingiberaceae) [1]. | |from the underground rhizomes. The dye can be extracted |painting. | | | | |either in hot or cold water containing ashes extracted by| | | | | |burning Zanthoxylum acanth opodium DC. (Local name- | | | | | |Mukthrubi). By adding lime water or alkalies, a brick red| | | | | |dye could also be obtained. | | | | | |A leafless, twinning parasite, commonly found in the | | |16. |Cuscuta reflexa Roxb |Uri napu |Manipur Valley. A yellow dye from the whole plant by |Used for dyeing of | | |(Cuscutaceae) [1]. | |crushing in cold water. cotton clothes and in | | | | | |painting. | | | | |A tall tree of common occurrence along the Indo- Myanmar | | |17. |Dipterocarpus turbinatus |Yangou |border at Moreh and Lokchao. A whitish dye is obtained |Used for painting. | | |Gaertn. f. | |from the wood by boiling in water. The same dye could | | | |(Dipterocarpaceae) [1]. |also be obtained from the sap of the plant. | | | | | |A small deciduous tree, very common in the hills of | | |18. |Emblica officinalis Gaertn |Heigru |Manipur. A reddish black dye is obtained from the bark |Used for dyeing of | | |(Euphorbiaceae) [1]. | |and fruits. The dye is extracted by crushing the bark or |fishing nets. | | | | |fruits in col d water and allowed to stand for 48 hrs. The| | | | | |dye is concentrated by boiling and adding common salt. | | | | | |A deciduous tree with strong incurved prickles, common in| | |19. |Erythrina stricta Roxb |Kurao angangba |the Manipur valley and sometimes planted in the homestead|Used for painting. | | |(Papilionaceae) [1]. | |compounds. A coral red dye is obtained from the dried | | | | | |flowers. The dried and powdered flowers are added to | | | | | |sufficient amount of cold water and allowed to stand for | | | | | |a few hours. Slake lime and common salts are added as | | | | | |mordants | | | | | | | | |20. Garcinia xanthochymus |Puangthai |Fruits are cut into pieces and soaked in water or cut |Used as adhesive to | | |Hook. f. | |pieces are taken in a clean piece of cloth and squeezed |different dyes. | | |(Guttiferae/Clusiaceae) [2]| |into the water. The prepared liquid is | | | | | |A large shrub, commonly cultivated in the gardens | | |21. |Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn|Juba kushum |throughout the state. A red dye obtained from the fresh |Used for painting | | |(Malvaceae) [1]. | |flowers. The petals are is directly applied to the | | | | | |surface to be colored. In ancient times, the petals were | | | | | |rubbed on the pages of hand written books to protect them| | | | | |from insects. | | | | |A large clumped herb, grows wild in marshy places | | |22. |Iris bakeri Wall |Kombirei |particularly at Lamphel. A deep blue color is obtained |Used for painting. | | |(Iridaceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The flowers are also offered to | | | | | |God on Manipuri New Year’s Day (Cheiraoba). | | | | | | | |23. |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. )|Yachubi | |Practiced by different| | |M. A. Rau (Rubiaceae) [2] | |Leaves are chewed by the children to color their teeth |ethnic groups of | | | | |(greenish/brownish). |people of the state | | |Mallotus philippensis | |A small evergreen tree grows wild throughout the valley. | |24. |Muell-Arg (Euphorbiaceae) |Ureirom laba |A crimson red dye is obtained from the fruits. The sun |Used for dyeing silk | | |[1]. | |dried fruits are soaked in cold water to extract the dye. |fabrics. | | | | |A large deciduous tree with very stout branches. A rare | | |25. |Melanorrhoea usitata Wall |Kheu |plant available only in Manipur along the border with |Used for dyeing and | | |(Anacardiaceae) [1]. |Myanmar. An oily blackish dye is obtained from the wood |painting. | | | | |and roots. The crushed and cut plant parts are boiled in | | | | | |water for about25 minutes and cooled down. Acidic dye | | | | | |mordants and common salts are to be added for | | | | | |concentrating the dye. | | | | |A weak, erect under shrub, very common in the hills | | |26. |Osbeckia chinensis Linn |Yachubi |surrounding Manipur Valley. A violet dye is obtained from|Used in olden days for| | |(Melastomataceae) [1]. | |the fruits. The crushed fruits are soaked in local made |coloring teeth. | | | | |wine or country liquor for best results. | | | | |A medium- sized, unarmed tree with spreading branches, | | |27. |Parkia timoriana |Yongchak |very common throughout the state. Also extensively |The filtrate is used | | |(A. DC. )Merr. (Mimosaceae) | |cultivated for the edible fruits. A reddish dye is |for dyeing all types | | |[1]. | |obtained from the stem and fruits. Pieces of stem and |of fishing nets | | | | |outer green covers of the fruits are soaked in cold water| | | | | |in earthen vessels for 24 hrs. The people of the state | | | | | |use the fruits as delicious food item during winter | | | | | |season. | | | | |A large evergreen tree common in the hills of Manipur. A | | |28. |Pasania pachyphylla (Kurz. )|Kuhi |reddish dye is obtained from the bark. Fresh bark pieces |Used for dyeing | | |Scott (Fagaceae) [1]. | |are soaked in cold water for about 48 hrs. Acidic dye |fishing nets and | | | | |mordants are added before use. cotton fabrics. | | | | |A climber with cordate, elliptic leaves, cultivated | | |29. |Piper betle Linn |Pana mana/Kwa mana|mainly in the Jiribam sub-division. A deep reddish dye is|Used for painting. | | |(Piperaceae) [1]. | |obtained by crushing the fresh leaves along with the | | | | | |seeds of Areca catechu Linn. and lime in cold water. | | | | | | | |30. |Plumbago indica Linn. |Mukaklei |Flowers are collected in large amount and its petals are |Used for dyeing fabric| | |(Plumbaginaceae) [2]. | |crushed and soaked in water. Clothes or yarn threads |and yarn. | | | | |dipped into this liquid acquire pale red color. This is | | | | | |not regularly used, since it involves collection of large| | | | | |amount of flowers. | | | | | | | | |31. |Polygonum chinense Linn. |Angom Yensil |Crushed whole plant is soaked in water for 2-3 days and |It is used as adhesive| | |(Polygonaceae) [2]. | |the liquid is used as dye. |for dark color. | | | |A reddish brown dye is obtained from the young fruits. | | |32. |Psidium guajava Linn |Pungdon |The dye is extracted by crushing the fruit in cold water. |Used for painting. | | |(Myrtaceae) [1]. | | | | | | | |A shrub with 4-angled branches, cultivated in the | | |33. |Punica granatum Linn |Kaphoi |homestead compounds in the valley areas. Pieces of the |Used for dyeing | | |(Punicaceae) [1]. | |fruit after removal of the seeds are soaked in cold water|fishing nets. | | | | |to extract the dye. | | | | | |The bark is cut into pieces and soaked in a pitcher | | |34. |Quercus dealbata (Fagaceae)|Shahi |containing water. This plant is used as a substitute for |Used for dyeing of | | |[2]. | |kuhi (Quercus spp. plant. The dye obtained from this |cloths and yarn. | | | | |plant is considered inferior to the ‘kuhi’ dye. | | | | | |A climber with quadrangular stem, grows wild in the | | |35. |Rubia cordifolia Linn |Moyum pambi |forests adjoining Myanmar. A beautiful deep pink dye is |Used for dyeing and | | |(Rubiaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the stem and roots of this plant. The dye |painting. | | | |is extracted by crushing the roots or stem in cold water. | | | | | |Acidic dye mordants are added before dyeing. | | | | | |A much branched, armed shrub, found wild in the | | |36. |Solanum ferox Linn |Khamu |wastel ands and forests. A deep chocolate colored dye is |Used only for printing| | |(Solanaceae) [1]. | |obtained from the mature fruits. The fruits are crushed |of designs and | | | | |and soaked in water for 3 hrs. An equal volume of the |patterns on cotton | | | | |juice extracted from Achyranthes aspera Linn. (Local name|and silk fabrics. | | | | |– Khujum pere) is added to the fruit extract. After | | | | | |adding alkalies, the extract is concentrated by boiling. | | | | |A glabrous shrub often cultivated for the dye in the | | |37. |Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) |Kum |Manipur valley. Brilliant blue and black dyes are |Dyes extracted are | | |Imlay syn. S. | |obtained from the leaves and stem of this plant. Both |most popularly used | | |flaccidifolius Nees | |fresh and dry plant parts can be used for the extraction. |for dyeing of costly | | |(Acanthaceae) [1]. |According to the choice of |loin clothes(locally | | | | |color, the dye is extracted by different methods such as |known as Phanek Mayek | | | | |crushing with water, by fermentation or by boiling. For |Naiba(Kumjingbi, Kum | | | | |extracting blue dye, the fresh leaves are soaked in cold |luppi and Higok | | | | |water for 3 days in airtight earthen vessels. The dye is |kumballei)) of the | | | | |then concentrated by boiling after the addition of common|womenfolk of the | | | | |salts. For black dye, air dried leaves are pounded in a |state. | | | | |mortar and then fermented in airtight earthen vessels for| | | | | |3 days. After adding dye mordants, the extract is | | | | | |concentrated by boiling. | | | | | |An annual, cultivated throughout the state for the | | |38. |Tagetes patula Linn |Sanarei |variously colored flowers. The dye is generally extracted|Used in painting. | | |(Asteraceae) [1]. | |from the dried flowers. The color of the dye depends upon| | | | | |the color of the flowers but generally yellow and golden | | | | | |yellow dyes are extracted. | | | | | |A large tree found in the forests along the border with | | |39. |Tectona grandis Linn. F. |Chingshu |Myanmar, sometimes cultivated. A maroon colored dye is |Used for painting. | | |(Verbenaceae) [1]. |obtained from the leaves while a deep brownish color is | | | | | |obtained from the barks. Either the bark or leaves are | | | | | |first crushed and then soaked in water for 2 hrs. After | | | | | |adding acids or alkalies, the dye is concentrated by | | | | | |boiling. | | | | |A large deciduous tree, grows wild in the Barak Drainage | | |40. |Terminalia citrine Roxb. Ex|Manahee |forest, sometimes cultivated. A blackish dye is obtained |Used for dyeing and | | |Flem (Combretaceae) [1]. | |from the bark. The dye is extracted just by soaking or |painting. | | | | |boiling the bark in water. | | | | | |An quatic perennial herb. Common in marshy areas and | | |41. |Zizania caduciflora |Ishing Kambong |lakes. A black dye is obtained from the culms infected by|Used for dyeing and | | |Hand. -Mazz (Poaceae) [1]. | |a fungus, Melanopsichium |painting. | | | | |esculentum P. Hen. The dye is extracted in cold water. | | Besides the above mentioned 41 species, there are several other plants such as Cascabela thevetia (Linn. Lippold (Local name-Utonglei), Datura stramonium Linn. (Local name-Sangoidak amuba), Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Local name-Khujang), Indigofera tinctoria Linn. (Local name-Neem macha), Ipomoea quamoclit Linn. (Local name-Nunggarei angangba), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Local name-Thambal) and Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (Local name-Tharo) which are used for the extraction of dyes [1]. 2. Plants used as source of Alkaline Dye Mordants The people of the state also use several plants species as mordant for dyes. These alkaline dye mordants are extracted from the fresh plants or from the ashes of the plant after burning. The ashes are added to water and then filtered. The filtrate is used as alkaline dye mordants. Some of the plants, which are used as alkaline dye mordants, are: Table 2 | Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | | |Khujum pere | |Achyranthes aspera Linn [1]. Amaranthaceae | | | |Araceae |Hongu | |Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Pullei | |Alpinia nigra (Gaertn. ) Burtt [1]. | | | |Asteraceae |Uchi sumbal | |Eclipta prostrata Linn [1]. | | | | |Moraceae |Ashi heibong | |Ficus hispida Linn. f. 1] | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Ingenllei | |Hedychium marginatum C. B. Cl [1]. | | | | |Zingiberaceae |Loklei | |Hedychium stenopetalum Lodd [1]. | | | |Musaceae |Laphu | |Musa paradisiaca Linn [1]. | | | | |Solanaceae |Hidak mana | |Nicotiana tabacum Linn [1]. | | | |Papilionaceae |Hawai tharak | |Pisum sativum Linn [1]. | | | 3. Plants used as source of Acidic Dye M ordants Several acidic fruits have also been used a sources of acidic dye mordants. The choice of fruit depends upon the colour of the dye. Some of the commonly used acidic fruits are: Table 3 |Name of the plant |Family |Local Name | | |Bromeliaceae |Kihom | |Ananas comosus (Linn. )Merr [1]. | | | |Averrhoa carambola Linn [1]. Averrhoaceae |Heinoujom | | |Rutaceae |Heiribob | |Citrus latipes (Swingle) Tanaka [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Champra | |Citrus limon (Linn. ) Burm. . [1] | | | | |Rutaceae |Heijang | |Citrus medica Linn [1]. | | | | |Euphorbiaceae |Heigru | |Emblica officinalis Gaertn [1]. | | | |Clusiaceae |Heibung | |Garcinia pedunculata Roxb [1]. | | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heinou | |Mangifera indica Linn [1]. | | | |Anacardiaceae |Heimang | |Rhus hookeri Sahni Bahadur [1] | | | Table 4: Different plants give different shades of color. Ten species are mainly used as main dye | S. No. |Plant |Colour | | |Bixa orellana Linn. Red | |1 | | | | |Carthamus tinctorius Linn. |Pink | |2 | | | |3 |Clerodendrum odoratum D. Don |Green | | |Curcuma domestica Valeton |Yellow | |4 | | | | |Knoxia roxburghii (Spreng. M. A. Rau |Green | |5 | | | | |Parkia roxburghii G. Don |Brown | |6 | | | | |Pasania pachyphylla |Dark Brown, Black | |7 | | | | |Plumbago indica Linn. Red | |8 | | | | |Quercus dealbata |Brown | |9 | | | |Strobilanthes flaccidifolius Nees |Black | |10 | | | | |Tectona grandis Linn. f. |Red | |11 | | | CONCLUSION From the above account, it can be observed that people of Manipur, still extensively use dyes extracted from plants for dyeing of their handloom products. Some of these dyes are also used in fine arts. So far no systematic investigation was carried out to catalog all the dye yielding plants of the state. The specialty of these locally extracted plant dyes is that the synthetic dyes cannot match the particular hue and chroma of these dyes. The people of Manipur can produce these dyes in large scale, commercially by opening factories and can compete with chemical dyes, which are harmful from environmental point of view. To create awareness of availability and promotion of fabrics items created with natural dyes, suitable promotion and publicity need to be launched. In order to revive the art and to promote the use of natural dyes, it is essential that research and development work on such dyes be placed on an organized footing. It can, thus, be concluded that the study will serve as a source for socio-environmental development of the people of Manipur in particular and for the Nation in general. REFERENCES . H Manoranjan Sharma et all (A Radhapyari Devi and B Manihar Sharma), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 42 2. G Akimpou et all (K Rongmei and P S Yadava), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 4(1), January 2005, 34 3. Lunalisa Potsangbam et all (Swapana Ningombam Warjeet S Laitonjam), Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol. 7(1), January 2008, 142 4. http://www. manipuronline. in/Profile/Geography/ (accessed on 2nd December 2010)